Fig.Ā 1
From: Lung function and the risk of frailty in the European population: a mendelian randomization study
Study design for this Mendelian randomization study. Assumption 1: single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) strongly associated with lung function; Assumption: SNP not related with confounding factors affecting both lung function and frailty; Assumption 3: SNP not associated with frailty. FEV1, forced expiratory volume in the first second; FVC, forced vital capacity; PEF, peak expiratory flow