Table 1 Effects of koetjapic acid on cancer cell lines

Study 1

Breast cancer (MCF-7)

KJA: IC₅₀ 68 μg/mL

Apoptosis, cytotoxicity, anti-proliferative, anti-metastatic

Activation of caspases, mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, inhibition of invasion and migration

Study 2

Colorectal carcinoma (HCT 116)

KA: IC₅₀18.88 µg/ml

Apoptosis, cytotoxicity

Activation of caspases, DNA fragmentation, nuclear condensation

Study 3

Colorectal carcinoma (HCT 116)

Potassium koetjapate: higher solubility and cytotoxicity, LD₅₀ > 2000 mg/kg in rats

Apoptosis, enhanced cytotoxicity, safety for oral administration

Activation of caspases, mitochondrial membrane disruption, enhanced solubility