Fig. 1

Overview of the study design. Initially, IVs were selected from the summary GWAS data of the gut microbiota and irAEs. Subsequently, by employing thresholds of p value (IVW) < 0.05 and p value (MR PRESSO) < 0.05, the identified gut microbiota that exhibited statistically significant associations were taken into further analysis. irAEs immune-related adverse events, ICIs immune checkpoint inhibitors, BMI body mass index, WC Waist circumference, HP Hip circumference; WHR waist-to-hip ratio. (Created with BioRender.com)