Fig. 2

Effect of H. pylori infection on CD4 + T cell count. A Comparison of CD4⁺ T cell count between H. pylori-negative (HP-) and-positive (HP +) groups among HIV-negative (HIV-) and-positive (HIV +) study participants. B Comparison of CD4⁺ T cell count between HP- and HP + groups among ART-Naïve or on ART HIV-positive participants. n = 44 per group. Mean ± SD of CD4⁺ T cell counts (cells/µL) are shown. p values between the two groups were determined using the unpaired t-test; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.001