Fig. 3

Effect of H. pylori infection on HIV-1 viral load level. A Comparison of HIV-1 viral load between H. pylori-negative (HP−) and-positive (HP +) groups among HIV-positive (HIV +) study participants. B Comparison of HIV-1 viral load between HP- and HP + groups among ART-Naïve or on ART HIV-positive participants. n = 44 per group. Median HIV-1 viral loads (copies/mL) with interquartile range (IQR) are shown. p values between the two groups were determined using the Mann–Whitney test; *p < 0.05