Table 3 Linear regression analysis of factors associated with CD4⁺ T cell count among HIV-positive and-negative participants

Gender, female n (%)

1.85(-55.24 to 58.94), p = 0.949

–

60.23(16.94 to 103.53), p < 0.007

53.79(14.41 to 93.17), p = 0.008

Age (in years)

− 3.88(− 6.48 to − 1.27), p = 0.004

− 1.60(− 4.56 to 1.35), p = 283

− 2.78(− 4.91 to − 0.64), p = 0.011

− 2.11(− 4.06 to − 0.15), p = 0.035

Residence

Rural

1

1

Urban

25.08(− 44.18 to 94.34), p = 0.476

–

23.52(− 37.97 to 85.01), p = 449

–

Marital status

Single

1

1

Married

− 5.32(− 68.32 to 57.68), p = 0.868

–

13.46(− 34.82 to 61.75), p = 0.581

–

Divorced/widowed

41.86(− 44.8 to 128.52), p = 0.342

–

39.89(− 31.89 to 111.67), p = 0.272

–

Education level

Illiterate

1

1

1

Elementary school

14.75(− 48.19 to 77.68), p = 0.644

11.37(− 63.12 to 85.87), p = 0.762

39.77(− 12.16 to 91.70), p = 0.132

–

Secondary school and above

105.61(15.76 to 195.46), p = 0.020

84.0(− 14.56 to 182.56), p = 0.094

43.97(− 28.27 to 116.21), p = 230

–

Monthly income level

Low

1

1

1

Middle

− 23.02(− 84.97 to 38.92), p = 0.464

28.60(− 50.71 to 107.91), p = 0.475

− 6.72(− 58.86 to 45.42), p = 0.798

–

High

113.28(38.62 to 187.93), p = 0.003

66.34(− 17.49 to 150.18), p = 119

− 29.18(− 87.81 to 29.45), p = 0.325

BMI (kg/m²)

43.72(36.05 to 51.38), p < 0.001

18.77(6.21 to 31.33), p = 0.004

11.32(1.89 to 20.75), p = 0.019

8.50(− 0.17 to 17.17), p = 0.054

H. pylori infection

Negative

1

1

1

1

Positive

86.77(31.19 to 142.36), p = 0.002

69.54(11.70 to 127.37), p = 0.019

75.89(33.79 to 117.99), p < 0.001

64.77(25.37 to 104.16), p = 0.002

Alcohol intake

No

1

1

Yes

5.25(− 59.25 to 69.76), p = 0.873

–

13.06(− 35.31 to 61.42), p = 0.593

–

Smoking habit

No

1

1

Yes

15.8(− 57.28 to 88.88), p = 0.670

–

− 38.28(− 97.73 to 21.17), p = 0.204

–

Khat chewing habit

No

1

1

1

Yes

− 132.79(− 222.59 to − 43.0), p = 0.004

− 36.00(− 128.17 to 56.16), p = 0.439

− 0.99(− 90.52 to 88.54), p = 0.983

–

WHO clinical stage of HIV

Stage I

1

1

N/A

Stage II

− 243.03(− 311.57 to − 174.5), p < 0.001

− 204.81(− 273.7 to − 135.92), p < 0.001

N/A

Stage III

− 360.01(− 439.5 to − 280.51), p < 0.001

− 224.96(− 332.33 to − 117.60), p < 0.001

N/A

Stage IV

− 453.77(− 566.97 to − 340.57), p < 0.001

− 213.01(− 379.38 to − 46.64), p = 0.013

N/A

HIV-1 viral load (copies/mL)

 < 10,000

1

1

N/A

10,000–100,000

− 247.39(− 295.9 to − 198.88), p < 0.001

− 140.06(− 241.55 to − 38.56), p = 0.007

N/A

 > 10,0000

− 311.78(− 355.29 to − 268.27), p < 0.001

− 211.13(− 451 to 29.22), p = 0.084

N/A

ART status

ART-Naïve

1

–

N/A

On ART

161.07(109.33 to 212.81), p < 0.001

–

N/A

Duration of ART

1.34(0.24 to 2.44), p = 0.018

0.93(0.04 to 1.82), p = 0.04

Duration of ART

 < 3 years

1

N/A

≥ 3 years

151.94 (67.06 to 236.82), p < 0.001

82.06 (− 5.78 to 169.89), p = 0.067

N/A