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Table 4 Linear regression analysis of factors associated with HIV-1 viral load among HIV-positive participants

From: CD4+ T cell count and HIV-1 viral load dynamics positively impacted by H. pylori infection in HIV-positive patients regardless of ART status in a high-burden setting

Variables

No. (%) of HIV-positive study participants

aUnadjusted β (95% CI), p value

bAdjusted β (95% CI), p value

Gender, female n (%)

1331,151(− 74,213 to 85,999), p = 0.885

–

Age (in years)

2,705 (− 1,202 to 6,433), p = 154

–

Residence

  

 Rural

1

–

 Urban

− 32,293(− 129,499 to 64,914), p = 0.513

–

Marital status

  

 Single

1

1

 Married

− 64,128.9 (− 151,439.3 to 231,81.6), p = 149

− 22,735(− 51,558 to 6,087), p = 0.120

 Divorced/widowed

− 132,069.98 (− 252,174 to − 11,966), p = 0.031

− 10,167(− 42,010 to 21,677), p = 0.527

Education level

  

 Illiterate

1

–

 Elementary school

− 28,330 (− 117,372 to 60,712), p = 0.531

–

 Secondary school and above

107,888 (− 235,016 to 19,239), p = 0.096

–

Monthly income level

 Low

1

1

 Middle

− 46,029 (− 134,309 to 42,250), p = 0.305

21,741(− 7,068 to 50,551), p = 0.137

 High

− 145,752 (− 252,146 to − 39,359), p = 0.008

− 5,533(− 35,480 to 24,414), p = 714

BMI (kg/m2)

− 39,453 (− 52,301 to − 26,604), p < 0.001

776(− 4,093 to 5,644), p = 0.752

H. pylori infection

  

 Negative

1

1

 Positive

− 108,027 (− 186,470 to − 29,586), p = 0.007

− 20,929(− 45,503 to 3,644), p = 0.094

Alcohol intake

  

 No

1

–

 Yes

57,554 (− 32,550 to 147,657), p = 0.209

–

Smoking habit

  

 No

1

–

 Yes

− 66,451 (− 168,565 to 35,664), p = 201

–

Khat chewing habit

  

 No

1

1

 Yes

146,158 (18,982 to 273,335), p = 0.025

23.322 (− 14,820 to 61,465), p = 0.227

WHO clinical stage of HIV

  

 Stage I

1

1

 Stage II

4,534 (− 20,593 to 29,661), p = 0.721

− 8,643(− 46,412 to 29,126), p = 0.650

 Stage III

24,365 (− 4,782 to 53,513), p = 0.100

432 (− 48,453 to 49,316), p = 0.986

 Stage IV

158,744 (117,243 to 200,246), p < 0.001

115,464(49,338 to 181,590), p < 0.001

CD4+ T cell count (cells/µl)

  

  < 200

1

1

 200–500

− 301,721 (− 382,054 to − 221,388), p < 0.001

− 55,118(− 91,424 to − 18,812), p = 0.003

  > 500

− 370,605 (− 460,321 to − 280,889), p < 0.001

− 49,324(− 91,609 to 7,039), p = 0.023

ART status

  

 ART-naïve

1

–

 On ART

− 239,674 (− 311,286 to − 168,061), p < 0.001

–

Duration on ART

− 160 (− 492 to 172), p = 0.341

–

Duration of ART

  

  < 3 years

1

–

 ≥ 3 years

− 19,847 (− 46,207 to 6,513), p = 0.138

–

  1. H. pylori, Helicobacter pylori, HIV human immunodeficiency virus. ART antiretroviral therapy, β regression coefficient, CI confidence interval; 1 = reference category
  2. aLinear regression analysis
  3. bMultiple regression adjusted for factors with p value ≤ 0.05 by linear regression analysis
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European Journal of Medical Research

ISSN: 2047-783X

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