Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the included studies
First author | Year of publication | Country | Age: mean (SD) [range] | Sample size | Female (%) | Scaffold type | Seeded/unseeded | Objective | Type of bladder disorder | Main findings | Follow-up time [mean (range)] | Follow-up results | Complications |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhang | 2020 | China | 29.6 | 15 | 7 (44.6) | SIS | Unseeded | Evaluating the long-term effect of SIS for bladder augmentation | Neurogenic bladder | Significant increases in bladder capacity. Significant decrease in maximum detrusor pressure. Immediate failure in two patients. Decreased bladder capacity in four patients | 6.3 (4.5–8.3) years | Histology: complete conversion of SIS. The bladder wall contained vessels, and thick connective tissue | Vesicoureteral reflux: n = 5, bladder stones: n = 1, bladder perforation: n = 1 |
Atala | 2006 | USA | 4–19 | 7 | N/A | Autologous cell-seeded biodegradable scaffold | Seeded | To Engineer bladder tissues by autologous cells | High-pressure or poorly compliant bladders due to myelomeningocele | Decreased bladder leak point pressure at capacity Increased volume and compliance | 46 (22–61) months | Adequate structural architecture and phenotype | None |
Caione | 2012 | Italy | 10.4 | 5 | 2 (40) | SIS | Unseeded | To improve bladder compliance and capacity | Exstrophic bladder | Increased bladder capacity and compliance. Decreased muscle to collagen ratio | 3Â years | No bladder diverticula, renal damage, or stones | None |
Arikan | 1995 | Turkey | [9–51] | 10 | 4 (40) | Dura mater | Unseeded | To use dura mater for bladder augmentation | Neurogenic bladder and bladder dysfunction | Immediate urinary continence in all patients. Satisfactory continence and urodynamic improvement | N/A | N/A | None |
Zhang | 2014 | China | 25.4 | 8 | 2 (25) | SIS | Unseeded | To use SIS for bladder augmentation | Poor bladder capacity and compliance | Improvements in maximum bladder capacity and bladder compliance. Decreased maximum detrusor pressure | 11–36 months | No metabolic consequence | None |
Shenot | 2011 | USA | 28.7 | 6 | 2 (33) | Autologous cell-seeded biodegradable scaffold | Seeded | Treatment of neurogenic bladder | Neurogenic bladder | Feasibility of regenerative medicine in bladder augmentation | 24Â months | Decreased maximum detrusor pressure | Postoperative bladder leaks |
Schaefer | 2013 | Germany | 6.5–15.4 (9.8) | 6 | N/A | SIS | Unseeded | To use SIS for bladder augmentation | Microbladder | Increased bladder capacity | 4.6–32.5 months (24.4) | Histology: complete conversion of SIS. The bladder wall contained vessels, thick connective tissue, and smooth muscles | Bladder stones: n = 2, bladder rupture: n = 1 |
Ribeiro-Filho | 2005 | Brazil | 52 | 1 | 1 (100%) | Human cadaveric bladder acellular matrix graft | Unseeded | To augment a contracted bladder | Short voiding intervals, nocturia, and bilateral ureteral reflux | Improved urination after catheter removal with no further self-catheterization | 40Â months | Increased voiding intervals and bladder capacity, reduced nocturia,, and normal urinary flow | None |
Moon | 2010 | Korea | 67 | 1 | 1 (100%) | Bovine pericardium | Unseeded | To perform bladder reconstruction | Enterovesical fistula | Intact scaffold after six months | 2.5Â years | Intact scaffold | None |
Joseph | 2014 | USA | 8.2 | 10 | 6 (60%) | Autologous cell-seeded biodegradable scaffold | Seeded | Using a technique as an alternative to traditional enterocystoplasty | Neurogenic bladder | Improved compliance, no improvement in bladder capacity | 12 and 36Â months | Alteration in compliance and capacity of the bladder | Low cell growth, urinary tract infection, bowel obstruction, and bladder rupture |