Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants in NHANES 2017–2018

4531

3027

1504

1284

220

Age

44.00 [24.00, 62.00]

 < 0.001

37.00 [20.00, 60.00]

53.00 [37.00, 64.00]

52.00 [36.00, 64.00]

57.00 [43.00, 65.00]

0.006

Gender

 < 0.001

0.306

Male

2089 (46.11)

1296 (42.82)

793 (52.73)

670 (52.18)

123 (55.91)

Female

2442 (53.89)

1731 (57.18)

711 (47.27)

614 (47.82)

97 (44.09)

Waist C (cm)

95.70 [83.80, 107.70]

 < 0.001

89.40 [78.70, 99.80]

107.50 [98.50, 118.80]

106.00 [97.70, 116.80]

120.20 [110.20, 131.50]

 < 0.001

PIR

2.16 [1.19, 4.08]

0.477

2.15 [1.18, 4.08]

2.20 [1.22, 4.08]

2.20 [1.22, 4.10]

2.19 [1.19, 3.88]

0.644

Smoking status

 < 0.001

0.185

Never

3179 (70.16)

2231 (73.70)

948 (63.03)

811 (63.16)

137 (62.27)

Former

807 (17.81)

454 (14.00)

353 (23.47)

293 (22.82)

60 (27.27)

Current

545 (12.03)

342 (11.30)

203 (13.50)

180 (14.02)

23 (10.46)

Hypertension

 < 0.001

0.024

Yes

1355 (29.91)

681 (22.50)

674 (44.81)

560 (43.61)

114 (51.82)

No

3176 (70.09)

2346 (77.50)

830 (55.19)

724 (56.39)

106 (48.18)

Diabetes

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Yes

552 (12.18)

224 (7.40)

328 (21.81)

244 (19.00)

84 (38.18)

No

3979 (87.82)

2803 (92.60)

1176 (78.19)

104 (80.00)

136 (61.82)

Total bilirubin (umol/L)

6.84 [5.13, 10.26]

0.074

6.840 [5.13, 10.26]

6.84 [5.13, 8.55]

6.84 [5.13, 8.55]

6.84 [5.13, 10.26]

0.003

Total calcium (mmol/L)

2.33 [2.28, 2.40]

 < 0.001

2.33 [2.28, 2.40]

2.33 [2.28, 2.38]

2.33 [2.28, 2.38]

2.33 [2.25, 2.38]

0.308

ACAG (mmol/L)

18.45 [17.00, 19.90]

 < 0.001

18.25 [16.85, 19.70]

18.80 [17.55, 20.25]

18.75 [17.50, 20.15]

19.05 [17.95, 20.95]

0.004

ALT (U/L)

17.00 [12.00, 24.00]

 < 0.001

15.00 [11.00, 20.00]

22.00 [16.00, 32.00]

21.00 [15.00, 30.00]

27.00 [19.00, 43.00]

 < 0.001

AST (U/L)

19.00 [16.00, 23.00]

 < 0.001

18.00 [16.00, 22.00]

20.00 [17.00, 26.00]

20.00 [16.00, 25.00]

23.00 [19.00, 32.00]

 < 0.001

BUN (mg/dL)

13.00 [11.00, 17.00]

 < 0.001

13.00 [11.00, 16.00]

14.00 [11.00, 17.00]

14.00 [11.00, 17.00]

15.00 [12.00, 18.00]

0.038

Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.81 [0.67, 0.97]

 < 0.001

0.80 [0.67, 0.95]

0.83 [0.69, 0.99]

0.83 [0.68, 0.98]

0.86 [0.69, 1.05]

0.102

Glucose (mg/dL)

92.00 [86.00, 100.00]

 < 0.001

90.00 [85.00, 97.00]

97.00 [89.00, 111.00]

96.00 [89.00, 109.00]

101.00 [91.00, 127.00]

 < 0.001

HDL cholesterol

51.00 [43.00, 61.00]

 < 0.001

54.00 [46.00, 64.00]

46.00 [39.00, 54.00]

46.00 [40.00, 55.00]

43.00 [38.00, 51.00]

 < 0.001

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

107.00 [75.00, 158.00]

 < 0.001

93.00 [68.00, 134.00]

143.00 [102.00, 203.00]

141.00 [101.00, 201.00]

155.00 [113.00, 218.00]

0.044