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Cardiac autonomic control in adolescents with primary hypertension
European Journal of Medical Research volume 14, Article number: 101 (2009)
Abstract
Background
Impairment in cardiovascular autonomic regulation participates in the onset and maintenance of primary hypertension.
Objective
The aim of the present study was to evaluate cardiac autonomic control using long-term heart rate variability (HRV) analysis in adolescents with primary hypertension.
Subjects and methods
Twenty two adolescent patients with primary hypertension (5 girls/17 boys) aged 14-19 years and 22 healthy subjects matched for age and gender were enrolled. Two periods from 24-hour ECG recording were evaluated by HRV analysis: awake state and sleep. HRV analysis included spectral power in low frequency band (LF), in high frequency band (HF), and LF/HF ratio.
Results
In awake state, adolescents with primary hypertension had lower HF and higher LF and LF/HF ratio. During sleep, HF was lower and LF/HF ratio was higher in patients with primary hypertension.
Conclusions
A combination of sympathetic predominance and reduced vagal activity might represent a potential link between psychosocial factors and primary hypertension, associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity.
Introduction
Hypertension is one of the most serious human health problems. The prevalence of hypertension in childhood is increasing. The primary hypertension is closely linked to psychosocial characteristics; therefore, it is included into psychosomatic diseases [1]. In addition, adolescent primary hypertension is associated with higher risk for coronary artery disease and cardiovascular mortality in adult life. The autonomic nervous system is known to play a major role in the interaction of the cardiovascular and central nervous systems, and in other regulatory systems. It is expected that progressive impairment in autonomic regulation participates in the initiation and maintenance of primary hypertension, in particular in children and adolescents. Cardiac function is a sensitive to autonomic inputs; thus, a study of the cardiac autonomic control can be used for the assessment of primary hypertension.
The heart rate variability (HRV), i.e., the oscillations of heart rate around the mean value, is caused by variations in the input to the sinus node from the autonomic nervous system. Multiple mechanisms underlie HRV - parasympathetic activity at high frequency (HF) band reflects mainly respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and sympathetic activity at low frequency (LF) band reflects mainly baroreceptor activity. A long-term HRV analysis can provide information about the dependence of cardiac autonomic activity on day/night rhythm in primary hypertension. Guzzetti et al. [2], using the 24-hour HRV analysis, concluded that primary hypertension is characterized by higher sympathetic activity (greater LF). On the other side, other studies emphasize a contribution of parasympathetic activity in primary hypertension development [3]. Thus, the information on long-term heart rate variability is limited and somehow controversial.
In the present study, we set out to examine the cardiac autonomic control during awake state and sleep using a long-term HRV analysis in adolescents with primary hypertension.
Subjects and Methods
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Jessenius Medical Faculty, Comenius University in Martin, Slovakia. Twenty-two subjects - 5 girls and 17 boys (aged 14-19 years, mean age 16 ± 2 years) with untreated primary hypertension were enrolled in the study. Primary hypertension was defined according to data recommended for hypertension diagnosis in childhood using 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) (Click Holter Recorder, Cardioline, Italy) with the mean systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 95th percentile adjusted for height [4]. The diagnosis of primary hypertension was based on the examinations resulting in exclusion of secondary etiology of hypertension (e.g., renal, vascular, endocrine diseases, etc.).
All subjects with primary hypertension underwent 24-hour ABPM with nocturnal dip (more than 10% of the daytime blood pressure) in all hypertonics. A control group consisted of adolescents matched for age and gender (5 girls and 17 boys, mean age 17 ± 1 years). All probands were non-smokers, not taking drugs and substances influencing cardiovascular system (i.e., caffeine, alcohol), and they had no evidence of mental or other diseases.
A 24-h continuous ECG monitoring started in the morning (8 a.m.). All subjects carried out normal daily activities - school lessons, afternoon rest, preparation for next day school lessons, moderate physical activity, and sleep at night (after 10 p.m.). The ECG monitoring was finished next morning at 8 a.m.
Heart Rate Variability (HRV) Analysis
Artefacts in the 24-h ECG recording were eliminated using a recognition algorithm and also manually. The Hanning window was used for minimalization of spectral leakage. The HRV spectral analysis was performed using Fast Fourier transformation algorithm. Two periods from the 24-h ECG recording were selected for HRV analysis: awake state lasting from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. reflecting daily activities and sleep lasting from midnight to 4 a.m. The following parameters were evaluated:
Spectral powers were expressed in normalized units (NU), which represent the relative value of each power component in proportion to the total power minus the very low frequency (VLF) component (LF = LF *100/(total power - VLF). The representation of LF and HF in normalized units emphasizes the controlled and balanced behavior of the two branches of the autonomic nervous system. Moreover, the normalization tends to minimize the effects of the changes in total power on the values of LF and HF components. The HF power is determined mainly by parasympathetic activity (respiratory sinus arrhythmia) and the LF power is a reflection of both sympathetic and parasympathetic activities. Some studies suggest that LF, when expressed in normalized units, is a quantitative marker of sympathetic modulations. Moreover, the LF/HF ratio is considered an index of sympathovagal balance [5].
Statistical Analysis
The data are expressed as means ± SE. The Lilliefors test was used for the determination of gaussian/nongaussian distribution. The Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon test were used for between-groups comparison (hypertension vs. control; awake state vs. sleep). P ≤ 0.05 was considered as significant.
Results
Primary Hypertension vs. Control
The HF was significantly lower in adolescents with primary hypertension in both awake and sleep states, compared with those in controls (P = 0.018 and P = 0.004, respectively). The LF was higher in awake state (P = 0.031), but did not change appreciably in sleep, in primary hypertension compared with controls. The LF/HF ratios were significantly higher in adolescents with primary hypertension in both awake and sleep states, compared with those controls (P = 0.031 and P = 0.002, respectively) (Table 1).
Awake State vs. Sleep
The HF was significantly higher and LF/HF ratio was significantly lower during sleep in both groups (P = 0.001). There were no significant differences in LF between the awake and sleep states in either primary hypertension or control group (Table 1).
Discussion
The basic finding of the present study was a decrease in parasympathetic HF activity during awake state and sleep, and an increase in sympathetic LF activity during awake state in adolescents with primary hypertension. These results indicate defective vagal regulation of the sinoatrial node associated with the shift of sympathovagal balance toward a sympathetic dominance (higher LF/HF) during day and night.
Studies concerning cardiovascular dysregulation in primary hypertension emphasize the role of a sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. Enhanced sympathetic activity is widely accepted as one of the fundamental mechanisms leading to primary hypertension and may already be determined in prehypertensive subjects [6]. In addition, a close relationship between psychosocial characterics and primary hypertension is presumed. Some authors assume that excessive cardiovascular reactivity to psychological stress may have a causal mechanistic role in primary hypertension [7]. Thus, stress may affect major regulatory systems, in particular the autonomic nervous system, leading to inappropriately elevated sympathetic drive contributing to higher blood pressure. Some children with primary hypertension are characterized by typical psychological features, e.g., perfectionism or anxiety leading to chronic stress, which, in consequence, affects cardiac autonomic regulation [7]. Kamada et al. [8] found a shift of sympathovagal balance (higher LF/HF) using of the HRV analysis in A type subjects (competitive, ambitious, intensive life-style, faster breathing) compared with B type subjects (relaxing behaviour, deep breathing) [8]. The mechanisms by which psychosocial factors increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, are numerous and complex; however, sympathetic overactivity seems to play a pivotal role [9, 10]. Our results are in accordance with these studies indicating the sympathetic overactivity in primary hypertonics.
Importantly, some authors emphasize the contribution of the parasympathetic modulation in primary hypertension [9, 10], but its role is less clear. Some studies revealed lower vagal activity in young people with primary hypertension [6, 11]. Others revealed a significant decrease in parameters representing vagal tone during 5-min periods not only immediately preceding or following blood pressure elevations, but also 10 and 20 min before these episodes. Moreover, low frequency component of HRV was significantly lowered 10 min before and immediately after the recording of blood pressure elevation. These results suggest that among various pathogenic mechanisms of spontaneous blood pressure elevations, sudden vagal withdrawal should be taken into account [12]. Our results confirm a decrease of the parasympathetic activity in primary hypertension.
The cardiac autonomic dysregulation in primary hypertension could be a result of the abnormal central activity and of alterations in effectors (heart, vessels) [3], but the exact mechanisms are still unclear. Moreover, patients with early primary hypertension may have a hyperkinetic pattern of hemodynamics which is characterized by higher cardiac output and higher heart rate and blood pressure [13]. It seems that a combination of sympathetic predominance and lower vagal activity can be a result of the multifactorial pathomechanisms leading to chronic elevation of blood pressure in adolescents, including the above-mentioned psychosocial factors. Thus, stress management could exert advantageous influence on hypertension prevention. It seems worth emphasizing the importance of the non-pharmacological (e.g., relaxation or physical activity) and psychosocial (e.g., decreasing anxiety or hyperreactivity to stressors) treatments of primary hypertension which may lessen cardiac autonomic dysregulation [10, 14].
In conclusion, our study has revealed a combination of sympathetic predominance and vagal withdrawal indicating impaired cardiac autonomic regulation during day and night in adolescents with primary hypertension. Importantly, autonomic imbalance may be the final common pathway of numerous diseases and conditions associated with increased morbidity and mortality of hypertension [15].
Conflicts of interest
The authors reported no conflicts of interest in relation to this article.
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Acknowledgements
Supported by Grant of Ministry of Health and European Regional Development Fund No 2006/38-UK-05. We thank M. Kollarik of John Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore for helpful comments on the manuscript.
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Havlíceková, Z., Tonhajzerová, I., Jurko Jr, A. et al. Cardiac autonomic control in adolescents with primary hypertension. Eur J Med Res 14 (Suppl 4), 101 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-783X-14-S4-101
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-783X-14-S4-101