Skip to main content
Download PDF

Analysis of 394 COVID-19 cases infected with Omicron variant in Shenzhen: impact of underlying diseases to patient’s symptoms

European Journal of Medical Research volume 27, Article number: 291 (2022) Cite this article

Abstract

Objectives

The emergence of new variants of SARS-CoV-2 is continuously posing pressure to the epidemic prevention and control in China. The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 having stronger infectivity, immune escape ability, and capability causing repetitive infection spread to many countries and regions all over the world including South Africa, United States and United Kingdom etc., in a short time. The outbreaks of Omicron variant also occurred in China. The aim of this study is to understand the epidemiological characteristics of Omicron variant infection in Shenzhen and to provide scientific basis for effective disease control and prevention.

Methods

The clinical data of 394 imported COVID-19 cases infected with Omicron variant from 16 December 2021 to 24 March 2022 admitted to the Third People’s hospital of Shenzhen were collected and analyzed retrospectively. Nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 of nasopharyngeal swabs and blood samples was detected using 2019-nCoV nucleic acid detection kit. Differences in Ct values of N gene were compared between mild group and moderate group. The specific IgG antibody was detected using 2019-nCoV IgG antibody detection kit. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software and graphpad prism.

Results

Patients were categorized into mild group and moderate group according to disease severity. The data on the general conditions, underlying diseases, COVID-19 vaccination and IgG antibody, viral load, laboratory examination results, and duration of hospitalization, etc., were compared among disease groups. Mild gorup had higher IgG level and shorter nucleic acid conversion time. Patients with underlying diseases have 4.6 times higher probability to progress to moderate infection.

Conclusion

In terms of epidemic prevention, immunization coverage should be strengthened in the population with underlying diseases. In medical institutions, more attention needs to be paid to such vulnerable population and prevent further deterioration of the disease.

Introduction

COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has become a pandemic and infected millions of people worldwide [1]. Since its onset, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved a series of variants through continuous evolution, such as alpha (B.1.1.7), beta (B.1.351), gamma (P.1), and delta (B.1.617.2) variants [2]. In November 2021, South Africa reported the infected case by Omicron variant for the first time, which had then spread too many countries and regions around the world quickly. As of 20 January 2022, there were 171 countries reported COVID-19 cases infected with Omicron variant which became the dominating epidemic strain in South Africa, the United States and United Kingdom. Since 9 December 2021, China has also been experiencing outbreaks of Omicron infection. Omicron subvariant, BA.2, mainly invades the upper respiratory tract, but some infected patients may also have symptoms of lower respiratory tract infection and pneumonia as indicated by chest CT. Here in this study, we retrospectively collected and compared the differences in clinical conditions, viral load, underlying diseases, vaccination status, level of specific IgG antibody, results of laboratory examinations and hospitalization time among 394 mild and moderate COVID-19 patients infected with Omicron variant admitted to the Third People’s Hospital of Shenzhen. Based on the clinical data, we aim to find out which patients are prone to lower respiratory tract infections and predisposing factors. Clinically, patients with underlying diseases are more prone to pneumonia and need more attention and protection during treatment.

Materials and methods

Patients and data collection

394 imported COVID-19 patients infected with Omicron variant from 16 December 2021 to 24 March 2022 admitted to the Third People’s hospital of Shenzhen (the designated hospital for treatment of COVID-19 patients) were enrolled in this study. All patients were diagnosed with COVID-19 according to both the Chinese guidelines for disease diagnosis and treatment and the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 in China (trial version 9) [3]. The patients were categorized into mild and moderate group according to the severity of their conditions based on the criteria of the guidelines. Mild case is defined as the cases with mild clinical symptoms without pneumonia symptoms found from imaging. Moderate case is defined as the cases with fever and other respiratory symptoms with pneumonia symptoms from imaging. There were 305 mild cases and 89 moderate cases respectively. Clinical data on their general conditions, underlying diseases, clinical classification, clinical symptoms, vaccination and IgG antibody, laboratory examination results and nucleic acid conversion time were collected retrospectively and compared between the two groups. The patients can only be discharged if fulfilling the following criteria: 1. body temperature within normal range for more than 3 days; 2. respiratory symptoms improved significantly; 3. pulmonary absorption as seen by imaging techniques; 4. Ct values of the nucleic acid tests of respiratory samples ≥ 35 for two consecutive tests with > 24 h interval. Vaccines received by the patients included inactivated viral vaccine, mRNA vaccine, recombinant subunit vaccine and viral vector vaccine.

Detection of SARS-C0V-2 viral nucleic acid and IgG and IgM antibody

Nasopharyngeal swabs and blood samples were collected while nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 was detected by fluorescent PCR method using 2019-nCoV nucleic acid detection kit. Omicron variant was confirmed by whole genome sequencing. The differences in Ct values of N gene were compared among disease groups. The specific IgG antibody was detected using 2019-nCoV IgG antibody detection kit (magnetic particle chemiluminescence). The specific IgM antibody was detected using 2019-nCoV IgM antibody detection kit (magnetic particle chemiluminescence). The differences in the levels of specific IgG/IgM antibody, clinical symptoms, laboratory examination and hospitalization time etc. were also compared among disease groups.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 25.0. Measurement of continuous normal distribution was expressed as mean ± standard deviation. T test was used for inter-group comparisons. Categorical variables were expressed as percentage and compared by chi-square test. Multinomial logistic regression was applied to predict the probability of different factors influencing the degree of disease. Statistical significance was defined as p value < 0.05.

Results

Comparison of demographic data and clinical characteristics of patients

In total, 394 patients were enrolled in this study. Among all of them, there were 305 mild cases including 173 males and 132 females aged from 10 month to 80 years (33.09 ± 1.012 years). These patients have various underlying diseases or medical conditions. The underlying diseases were categorized into cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (hypertension, diabetes, cerebral infarction, coronary heart disease, vertigo, hyperlipidemia), blood diseases (anemia), digestive system diseases (chronic hepatitis B, gastritis), respiratory diseases (pulmonary tuberculosis, asthma, emphysema, sleep apnea syndrome, bronchiectasis), gynecological diseases (hysteromyoma, teratoma), ophthalmic diseases (glaucoma, cataract), allergic conditions (rhinitis, urticaria), kidney diseases (renal insufficiency), Rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune diseases (ankylosing spondylitis), endocrine disease (hyperthyroidism), and tumor (uterine fibroids and ductal carcinoma in situ, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the upper lobe of the left lung with multiple metastases to bone, lymph nodes, left pleura and abdominal wall, thyroid cancer) The incident rates of the disease categories in the disease groups are summarized in Table 1. There are in total 8 cases of hypertension; 3 cases of diabetes; 2 cases of obsolete pulmonary tuberculosis; 2 cases of renal insufficiency; 2 cases of pregnancy; 2 cases of coronary heart disease, 1 case of cataract, glaucoma, chronic hepatitis B, anemia, ankylosing spondylitis, cerebral infarction, uterine fibroids and ductal carcinoma in situ respectively; and 1 case of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the upper lobe of the left lung with multiple metastases to bone, lymph nodes, left pleura and abdominal wall and cardiac insufficiency.

Table 1 Comparison of underlying diseases of each group of patients
Full size table

There were 89 moderate cases, among which 50 are males and 39 are females, aged from 1 month to 91 years (38.97 years ± 1.936 years). Underlying diseases of these patients include 6 cases of hypertension; 4 cases of diabetes; 3 cases of hyperthyroidism, chronic hepatitis B and anemia respectively; 2 cases of emphysema, cerebral infarction and asthma, respectively; 1 case of thyroid cancer (postoperative), vertigo, rhinitis and gastritis, urticaria, sleep apnea, hyperlipidemia, pulmonary tuberculosis, teratoma, bronchiectasis and glaucoma, respectively.

Results of Chi-square test of all diseases groups gave a χ2 of 49.5135 and a p value of 0.00. Among two disease groups, mild group has lower number of underlying diseases and lower ratio of patients with underlying diseases. In comparison, moderate group has higher ratio of patients with higher number of underlying diseases, suggesting an association between underlying diseases and disease severity of Omicron infection.

There are 106 asymptomatic cases among all patients. Clinical symptoms of most of patients were fever, sore throat, cough, expectoration, stuffy and runny nose and fatigue. Comparing to mild group, significantly higher ratio of patients in the moderate group had symptoms including fever, dry throat/itchy throat/sore throat, diarrhea, body ache and soreness, stuffy and runny nose (Table 2).

Table 2 Comparison of clinical symptoms of each group of patients
Full size table

Summary of immunization status showed that no difference in vaccination rate between disease groups

We then summarized the vaccination rate of all patients to discover the protective effect of vaccine against Omicron infection. Among all, 64 patients were not vaccinated while 330 of them were vaccinated with different numbers of doses, including 30 with one dose, 156 with two doses, 139 with three doses and 5 with four doses (Table 3). In the mild group, 49 cases were not vaccinated and 305 cases were vaccinated, among which 199 patients received inactivated viral vaccine, 51 received mRNA vaccine and 5 received viral vector vaccine. 29 of them received one dose, 116 received 2 doses, 108 received 3 doses and 3 received 4 doses. For the 89 patients in the moderate group, 15 cases were unvaccinated while 74 cases were vaccinated. Among immunized patients, 1 of them received 1 dose, 40 cases received 2 doses, 31 cases received 3 doses and 2 cases received 4 doses. 67 patients were immunized with inactivated viral vaccine and 7 patients were immunized with mRNA vaccine. There was no significant difference in vaccination rate observed between the two disease groups.

Table 3 Vaccination rates of patients in different groups
Full size table

Laboratory examination indicated that mild group has higher IgG level and lower IL-6 level

Results of blood examinations of patients in different disease groups were analyzed and compared to figure out the difference in patients’ responses to Omicron infection. As shown in Table 4, levels of IgG and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly higher (p value < 0.05) in the mild group. Levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), fibrinogen (FIB) were significantly higher in the moderate group. Levels of urea, creatinine, glucose, troponin I (Trop I), myoglobin and creatinine kinase isoenzymes (CK-MB) were also significant different between the two disease groups. Levels of PCT, IL-6, C-reactive protein (CRP), IgG, and Trop I were all beyond their normal ranges while level of pALB was under its normal range in the two disease groups. Levels of urea and CK-MB were beyond the normal ranges in the moderate group (Table 4). As IL-6 is associated with inflammation, such observation may infer that moderate group has more active immune responses comparing to mild group. We also observed that nucleic acid conversion times (time taken for nucleic acid PCR result converting from positive to negative) were 14.70 ± 0.8428d for the moderate group and 12.31 ± 0.3718d for the mild group (Fig. 1). Significantly shorter nucleic acid conversion time was observed from the mild group.

Table 4 Analysis of differences of blood indexes among different disease groups
Full size table
Fig. 1
figure 1

Shorter nucleic acid conversion time observed from the mild group

Full size image

The probability of disease deterioration is higher if the patient has underlying diseases. There was no significant statistical difference between genders, the number of vaccine injection on the severity of symptoms. However, IgG level and underlying diseases are factors influencing the severity of symptoms. Patients with underlying diseases have 4.6 times higher probability to progress to more severe symptoms comparing to those without underlying diseases (Table 5).

Table 5 Logistic regression estimates of patients by their characteristics
Full size table

Discussion

Based on the clinical classification of the patients infected with Omicron involved in this study, the majority of them have mild or moderate symptoms. There were no severe or death cases occurred during this study due to the decreased pathogenicity of Omicron variant. The clinical manifestations of patients infected with Omicron variant are mainly upper respiratory symptoms, including fever, sore throat, cough, expectoration, nasal congestion, runny nose and fatigue. The clinical symptoms caused by Omicron variant are milder than those caused by Delta variant. This is consistent with what has been reported by the study group from South Africa [4]. In our study, we found that the proportion of symptoms such as fever, dry throat/itchy throat/sore throat, diarrhea, body ache and soreness and stuffy and runny nose in moderate group is higher than that of mild group. Omicron variant is often confined to the upper respiratory tract like the nose, the throat and the respiratory tract, which causes less damage to the lungs comparing to other variants. The reason may be that many cells carry protein named TMPRSS2 on the cell surfaces, which helps the internalization of virus to the cells in the lungs [5]. However, omicron variant displayed less fusion and replication in cells with TMPRSS2 protein [6]. In such way, Omicron has lower pathogenicity to the lung cells comparing to Delta variant [7]. Although with reduced fatality rate as compared to Delta variant, Omicron variant can still cause death of patients [8]. In addition to physical protection measure taken to prevent the spread of COVID-19 such as wearing medical masks, quarantine and isolation, COVID-19 vaccine is another important and effective measure to control this pandemic [9]. Previous studies have indicated that vaccination is effective against severe or fatal cases of Omicron infection [10, 11]. Different countries around the world are developing various types of COVID-19 vaccines, including nucleic acid vaccine, inactivated viral vaccine, live attenuated vaccine, viral vector vaccine, subunit vaccine, recombinant protein vaccine and etc. [12]. There are already five types of COVID-19 vaccines released in China, including adenovirus vector vaccine (one injection), inactivated viral vaccine (two injections) and recombinant protein vaccine (three injections). Among them, inactivated viral vaccines, coronavac (Sinovac Life Sciences, Beijing, China) and bbibp CorV (Beijing Institute of biological products, Beijing, China) are the most frequently vaccinated types in China. Many studies have demonstrated the efficacy of inactivated viral vaccines [13,14,15,16]. In our study, although no significant difference was observed from the vaccination rate between the two disease groups, over 80% of the patients were vaccinated and none of them was severe or critically ill, showing that the vaccines would help in the prevention of disease progress and aggravation from mild/moderate to severe illness. However, even with the protection of vaccine, there are still considerable number of patients developed lower respiratory tract infection in moderate group. The levels of IL-6 in these patients were higher than those in mild group, suggesting a more activated immune system. This might be due to the higher rate of underlying diseases in moderate group since there was no difference in viral load and inflammatory index CRP level between the two groups. The nucleic acid conversion time of the moderate group was also longer as they needed more time to clear the virus. Our study also showed that patients with underlying diseases are more likely to develop lung infections (4.6 times higher probability). Previous studies have pointed out that 26% of the patients infected with Delta variant had higher blood glucose level at admission, whereas blood glucose level was an independent risk factor for COVID-19 progression to severe, critical illness or death [17]. Blood glucose level controlled within the range of 3.9 to 10 mmol/L could significantly reduce the incidence of serious adverse events and mortality in patients with COVID-19 combined with diabetes [18].

In conclusion, in terms of control and prevention of COVID-19, immunization by vaccination should be promoted and optimized among elderly population with underlying diseases to prevent disease progress to severe and critical illness. In clinical perspective, more attention should be paid to such vulnerable population and prevent aggravation of COVID-19. Owing to the limitation in the number of patients involved, we cannot make statistical analysis on the types of underlying diseases among different disease groups. Further study involving a larger sample size is needed for correlation verification. This study gave an insight into the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of Omicron variant infection and provided a scientific basis for the prevention and control of such infection.

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

References

  1. Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, Perez JL, Pérez Marc G, Moreira ED, Zerbini C, Bailey R, Swanson KA, Roychoudhury S, Koury K, Li P, Kalina WV, Cooper D, Frenck RW Jr, Hammitt LL, Türeci Ö, Nell H, Schaefer A, Ünal S, Tresnan DB, Mather S, Dormitzer PR, Şahin U, Jansen KU, Gruber WC. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(27):2603–15.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Cosar B, Karagulleoglu ZY, Unal S, Ince AT, Uncuoglu DB, Tuncer G, Kilinc BR, Ozkan YE, Ozkoc HC, Demir IN, Eker A, Karagoz F, Simsek SY, Yasar B, Pala M, Demir A, Atak IN, Mendi AH, Bengi VU, Cengiz Seval G, Gunes Altuntas E, Kilic P, Demir-Dora D. SARS-CoV-2 Mutations and their Viral Variants. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2022;63:10–22.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Commission CNH. Diagnosis and treatment plan for novel coronavirus pneumonia (trial version 9). Int J Epidemiol Infect Dis. 2022;49(2):73–80.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Maslo C, Friedland R, Toubkin M, Laubscher A, Akaloo T, Kama B. Characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized patients in South Africa during the COVID-19 Omicron wave compared with previous waves. JAMA. 2022;327(6):583–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Matsuyama S, Nao N, Shirato K, Kawase M, Saito S, Takayama I, Nagata N, Sekizuka T, Katoh H, Kato F, Sakata M, Tahara M, Kutsuna S, Ohmagari N, Kuroda M, Suzuki T, Kageyama T, Takeda M. Enhanced isolation of SARS-CoV-2 by TMPRSS2-expressing cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020;117(13):7001–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Zhao H, Lu L, Peng Z, Chen LL, Meng X, Zhang C, Ip JD, Chan WM, Chu AW, Chan KH, Jin DY, Chen H, Yuen KY, To KK. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant shows less efficient replication and fusion activity when compared with delta variant in TMPRSS2-expressed cells. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2022;11(1):277–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Meng B, Abdullahi A, Iatm Ferreira N, Goonawardane A, Saito I, Kimura D, Yamasoba PP, Gerber S, Fatihi S, Rathore SK, Zepeda G, Papa SA, Kemp T, Ikeda M, Toyoda TS, Tan J, Kuramochi S, Mitsunaga T, Ueno K, Shirakawa A, Takaori-Kondo T, Brevini DL, Mallery OJ, Charles JE, Citiid-Nihr BioResource COVID-19 Collaboration, Consortium Genotype to Phenotype Japan, Covid Consortium Ecuador, Bowen A, Joshi AC, Walls L, Jackson D, Martin KGC, Smith J, Bradley JAG, Briggs J, Choi E, Madissoon KB, Meyer P, Mlcochova L, Ceron-Gutierrez R, Doffinger SA, Teichmann AJ, Fisher MS, de Pizzuto A, Marco D, Corti M, Hosmillo JH, Lee LC, James L, Thukral D, Veesler A, Sigal F, Sampaziotis IG, Goodfellow NJ, Matheson KS, Gupta RK. Altered TMPRSS2 usage by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron impacts infectivity and fusogenicity. Nature. 2022;603(7902):706–14.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Liu Y, Yu Y, Zhao Y, He D. Reduction in the infection fatality rate of Omicron variant compared with previous variants in South Africa. Int J Infect Dis. 2022;120:146–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. McIntyre PB, Aggarwal R, Jani I, Jawad J, Kochhar S, MacDonald N, Madhi SA, Mohsni E, Mulholland K, Neuzil KM, Nohynek H, Olayinka F, Pitisuttithum P, Pollard AJ, Cravioto A. COVID-19 vaccine strategies must focus on severe disease and global equity. Lancet. 2022;399(10322):406–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Altarawneh HN, Chemaitelly H, Ayoub HH, Tang P, Hasan MR, Yassine HM, Al-Khatib HA, Smatti MK, Coyle P, Al-Kanaani Z, Al-Kuwari E, Jeremijenko A, Kaleeckal AH, Latif AN, Shaik RM, Abdul-Rahim HF, Nasrallah GK, Al-Kuwari MG, Butt AA, Al-Romaihi HE, Al-Thani MH, Al-Khal A, Bertollini R, Abu-Raddad LJ. Effects of Previous Infection and Vaccination on Symptomatic Omicron Infections. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(1):21–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. McMenamin ME, Nealon J, Lin Y, Wong JY, Cheung JK, Lau EHY, Wu P, Leung GM, Cowling BJ. Vaccine effectiveness of one, two, and three doses of BNT162b2 and CoronaVac against COVID-19 in Hong Kong: a population-based observational study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(10):1435–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Karpinski TM, Ozarowski M, Seremak-Mrozikiewicz A, Wolski H, Wlodkowic D. The 2020 race towards SARS-CoV-2 specific vaccines. Theranostics. 2021;11(4):1690–702.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Han B, Song Y, Li C, Yang W, Ma Q, Jiang Z, Li M, Lian X, Jiao W, Wang L, Shu Q, Wu Z, Zhao Y, Li Q, Gao Q. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac) in healthy children and adolescents: a double-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(12):1645–53.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Xia S, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang H, Yang Y, Gao GF, Tan W, Wu G, Xu M, Lou Z, Huang W, Xu W, Huang B, Wang H, Wang W, Zhang W, Li N, Xie Z, Ding L, You W, Zhao Y, Yang X, Liu Y, Wang Q, Huang L, Yang Y, Xu G, Luo B, Wang W, Liu P, Guo W, Yang X. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):39–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Xia S, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang H, Yang Y, Gao GF, Tan W, Wu G, Xu M, Lou Z, Huang W, Xu W, Huang B, Wang W, Zhang W, Li N, Xie Z, Zhu X, Ding L, You W, Zhao Y, Zhao J, Huang L, Shi X, Yang Y, Xu G, Wang W, Liu P, Ma M, Qiao Y, Zhao S, Chai J, Li Q, Fu H, Xu Y, Zheng X, Guo W, Yang X. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated COVID-19 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV, in people younger than 18 years: a randomised, double-blind, controlled, phase 1/2 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(2):196–208.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Zeng G, Wu Q, Pan H, Li M, Yang J, Wang L, Wu Z, Jiang D, Deng X, Chu K, Zheng W, Wang L, Lu W, Han B, Zhao Y, Zhu F, Yu H, Yin W. Immunogenicity and safety of a third dose of CoronaVac, and immune persistence of a two-dose schedule, in healthy adults: interim results from two single-centre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 clinical trials. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22(4):483–95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Wu J, Huang J, Zhu G, Wang Q, Lv Q, Huang Y, Yu Y, Si X, Yi H, Wang C, Liu Y, Xiao H, Zhou Q, Liu X, Yang D, Guan X, Li Y, Peng S, Sung J, Xiao H. Elevation of blood glucose level predicts worse outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Zhu L, She ZG, Cheng X, Qin JJ, Zhang XJ, Cai J, Lei F, Wang H, Xie J, Wang W, Li H, Zhang P, Song X, Chen X, Xiang M, Zhang C, Bai L, Xiang D, Chen MM, Liu Y, Yan Y, Liu M, Mao W, Zou J, Liu L, Chen G, Luo P, Xiao B, Zhang C, Zhang Z, Lu Z, Wang J, Lu H, Xia X, Wang D, Liao X, Peng G, Ye P, Yang J, Yuan Y, Huang X, Guo J, Zhang BH, Li H. Association of blood glucose control and outcomes in patients with COVID-19 and pre-existing type 2 diabetes. Cell Metab. 2020;31(6):1068-1077 e3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Funding

This work was supported by Shenzhen Fund for Guangdong Provincial High-level Clinical Key Specialties (SZGSP011), Guangdong Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholar (2020B1515020003) and Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (KQTD20200909113758004).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Peiyan Zhang and Zhao Cai are contributed equally to this work

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518112, China

    Peiyan Zhang, Peifen Chen, Weibo Wu, Yuanlong Lin, Shiyan Feng, Ling Peng, Jianming Li, Jing Yuan, Fuxiang Wang, Yingxia Liu & Hongzhou Lu

  2. School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China

    Zhao Cai & Liang Yang

  3. National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen, 518112, China

    Liang Yang

  4. Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China

    Liang Yang

  5. Luohu Clinical Institute of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China

    Zhiguang He

Authors
  1. Peiyan Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zhao Cai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Zhiguang He
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Peifen Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Weibo Wu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Yuanlong Lin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Shiyan Feng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Ling Peng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Jianming Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Jing Yuan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Liang Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Fuxiang Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Yingxia Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Hongzhou Lu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

PZ and ZC contributed to data collection, data analysis and manuscript writing; ZH, PC, WW, YL (1), SF, LP, JL and JY contributed to patient care, data collection and preparation; YL (2), FW, YL (3) and HL contributed to study design, supervision and manuscript validation. Submission is approved by all authors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Liang Yang, Fuxiang Wang, Yingxia Liu or Hongzhou Lu.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was approved by the ethics committee of the Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen [2022–010] and filed with the ethics committee of Southern University of Science and Technology [20220095]. Information including epidemiology, laboratory examination results, clinical manifestations, vaccination, treatments and prognosis of the patients was collected from medical record database of the Third People's hospital of Shenzhen. The diagnosis and treatments of COVID-19 were carried out by professional medical doctors.

Consent for publication

Verbal consents were obtained from the patients following the ethical guidelines in the declaration of Helsinki.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhang, P., Cai, Z., He, Z. et al. Analysis of 394 COVID-19 cases infected with Omicron variant in Shenzhen: impact of underlying diseases to patient’s symptoms. Eur J Med Res 27, 291 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-022-00927-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-022-00927-1

Keywords

  • SARS-CoV-2
  • Omicron
  • IgG antibody
  • COVID-19 vaccine

European Journal of Medical Research

ISSN: 2047-783X

Contact us