- Research
- Open access
- Published:
Comparison of the safety and efficacy of biodegradable polymer drug-eluting stents versus durable polymer drug-eluting stents: a meta-analysis
European Journal of Medical Research volume 20, Article number: 21 (2015)
Abstract
Background
A meta-analysis was conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of biodegradable polymer drug-eluting stents (BP-DESs).
Methods
PubMed, Science Direct, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Chongqing VIP databases were searched for randomized controlled trials comparing the safety and efficacy of BP-DESs versus durable polymer drug-eluting stents (DP-DESs). Efficacy included the prevalence of target lesion revascularization (TLR), target vessel revascularization (TVR), and late lumen loss (LLL), and safety of these stents at the end of follow-up for the selected research studies were compared.
Results
A total of 16 qualified original studies that addressed a total of 22,211 patients were included in this meta-analysis. In regard to efficacy, no statistically significant difference in TLR (odds ratio (OR) = 0.94, P = 0.30) or TVR (OR 1.01, P = 0.86) was observed between patients treated with BP-DESs and those with DP-DESs. However, there were significant differences in in-stent LLL (weighted mean difference [WMD] = −0.07, P = 0.005) and in-segment LLL (WMD = −0.03, P = 0.05) between patients treated with BP-DESs and with DP-DESs. In terms of safety, there was no significant difference in overall mortality (OR 0.97, P = 0.67), cardiac death (OR 0.99, P = 0.90), early stent thrombosis (ST) and late ST (OR 0.94, P = 0.76; OR 0.96, P = 0.73), or myocardial infarction (MI) (OR 0.99, P = 0.88) between patients treated with BP-DESs and with DP-DESs. However, there was a statistically significant difference in very late ST (OR 0.69, P = 0.007) between these two groups. In addition, the general trend of the rates of TVR and TLR of BP-DESs groups was lower than DP-DESs groups after a 1-year follow-up.
Conclusion
BP-DESs are safe, efficient, and exhibit superior performance to DP-DESs with respect to reducing the occurrence of very late ST and LLL. The general trend of the rates of TVR and TLR of BP-DESs groups was lower than DP-DESs groups after a 1-year follow-up.
Background
Recent discoveries in medical technology and bioengineering have led to substantial advancements in the design of coronary stents, particularly in lowering the rates of restenosis occurrence after percutaneous coronary stenting with drug-eluting stents (DESs) rather than after percutaneous coronary stenting with bare metal stents (BMSs) [1]. A large number of studies have demonstrated that the presence of a non-degradable polymer in the coronary arteries after prolonged drug release can cause inflammatory responses in local vessel walls and delay the healing of the vascular endothelium [2-4]. These issues may be the primary causes of postoperative stent thrombosis and late stenosis following the implantation of permanent durable polymer drug-eluting stents (DP-DESs) [5,6]. It has been proven that the implantation of a first-generation DP-DES instead of a BMS can decrease both the incidence of restenosis and target lesion revascularization after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) [7]. The underlying mechanism leading to restenosis is an excessive local vascular healing response to balloon and stent injury; this response stimulates the release of a variety of growth factors and cytokines, causing vascular smooth muscle cell and intimal proliferation and thereby resulting in the thickening of blood vessel walls [8]. A coating of antiproliferative drugs and polymers on the stent will not only inhibit the proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells but also affect the function of endothelial cells. This effect can result in the poor healing of stent-injured vascular segments; moreover, the long-term presence of a permanent polymer stent coating can produce a persistent inflammatory response. This inflammation can cause the proliferation of endothelial cells in stented vessel segments, resulting in restenosis. The recent invention of BP-DESs can solve this issue; in particular, the complete degradation of the polymer coating of BP-DESs will ensure that BP-DESs cause significantly lower levels of long-term structural damage and chronic inflammation than DP-DESs that feature a permanent polymer coating.
A new generation of BP-DESs has been developed that exhibit good potential applicability because they not only effectively deliver drugs to patients but will also completely degrade into harmless compounds such as water, and carbon dioxide after drug release has been completed [9].
Relative to the use of BMSs, the use of DESs and polymer-free DESs can produce significantly lower restenosis rates after PCI; thus, the development of DESs constitutes a milestone in the field of interventional cardiology. Although the use of DESs instead of BMSs can significantly improve the therapeutic efficacy of PCI treatments, previous studies have reported that compared to implantation of BMSs, the implantation of DESs produces significantly higher incidences of adverse events, such as stent thrombosis (ST) [10]. The incidence of ST is relatively low; nonetheless, this issue has attracted widespread concern because the consequences of ST are extremely serious [11,12]. Moreover, investigations have indicated that the presence of a DES may delay vascular endothelial healing and that the permanent residues left by non-degradable polymers from such stents may trigger an inflammatory response in local vessel walls; these phenomena are closely related to severe adverse reactions to DESs [13,14]. Over time, the drug-coated polymers of BP-DESs can gradually degrade into completely harmless CO2 and H2O molecules that are excreted from a patient’s body. In this manner, a BP-DES can completely transform into a BMS following a slow, controlled drug release. Thus, relative to DP-DESs, BP-DESs can reduce drug-induced delays in vascular endothelialization and inflammatory responses of local vessel walls caused by the presence of a permanent polymer, thereby achieving the dual purpose of preventing both in-stent restenosis and late stent thrombosis [10].
Several previous studies regarding the efficacy and safety of BP-DESs and DP-DESs have produced inconsistent results [15-17]. However, as mentioned in another paper, the major limitations of the previous meta-analyses were that the variability of patients with newer-generation DES were relatively small and thus comparisons had restricted statistical power, and BP-DESs were not included in the analyses. Even though, BP-DES is not approved in the USA, they are still used worldwide including some countries in Asia and Europe. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis to compare the safety and efficacy of these two types of stents, with the inclusion of Chinese research studies on this topic.
Methods
Study design
A systematic literature search was performed to identify randomized controlled studies (RCTs) assessing safety and efficacy of BP-DESs and DP-DESs in accordance with the recommended steps provided in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions [18]. Results were systematically analyzed to determine the relationship between treatment methods and its efficacy and safety.
Database search
Electronic searches were performed using the electronic databases provided by PubMed, Science Direct, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chongqing VIP, and other databases for relevant studies published between December 1990 and December 2015. The literature searches were conducted using the search terms “biodegradable polymer,” “drug-eluting,” “stent,” and “coronary disease” with various combinations of the operators “AND,” “NOT,” and “OR”. The articles written in English and/or Chinese language were included.
Study inclusion and exclusion criteria
The studies examined in this study were required to fulfill the following inclusion criteria: (1) human study subjects, (2) a randomized controlled design, relatively complete study results, (4) a follow-up period of more than 6 months, and (5) an experimental comparison between BP-DESs and DP-DESs with respect to safety and efficacy. The following exclusion criteria were utilized for the examined studies: (1) a non-randomized controlled design, (2) incomplete data, the use of BMSs in a control group, and (4) a repeated examination of the same study population (in these cases, only the study with the longest follow-up period was utilized). Studies were selected in strict accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All of the original reports for the selected studies included specific diagnostic criteria, inclusion criteria for the examined cases, appropriate statistical methods, explicit evaluation indicators, and clear and complete data.
Data collection and outcome measurement
Two authors (Gang Wang and Mingli Wang) independently assessed all potentially relevant studies and reached a consensus on all items. Any discrepancies were resolved through discussion, with arbitration by a third author if necessary. The following data were collected from each study: first author, publication year, characteristics of study subjects, study design, outcomes for efficacy, and safety of stents (Tables 1 and 2).
The included studies assessed indicators of the efficacy and safety of stents. The efficacy indicators included the prevalence of target lesion revascularization (TLR), target vessel revascularization (TVR), and late lumen loss (LLL) (including both in-segment and in-stent LLL) during the follow-up period. The safety indicators included not only overall mortality and cardiac deaths but also the prevalence of myocardial infarction (MI) and stent thrombosis (ST) during follow-up periods.
Quality assessment
Eligible studies were evaluated for inclusion by two independent reviewers (Xingmei Zhang and Li Zhang), and the level of agreement between reviewers was recorded. Inclusion of studies was determined by screening of manual titles and abstracts, followed by full-text screening by the same reviewers. The quality of each study was assessed using the modified Jaded scale for study selection [35] (for more detailed information, see Table 1). These scales were used to evaluate randomized approach, allocation concealment, blinding, and lost to follow-up. In the event of incomplete data, authors of potentially eligible studies were contacted to obtain relevant unpublished data.
Statistical analysis
Review Manager (RevMan) 5.1 statistical software package (Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark) was utilized to perform this meta-analysis. The odds ratio (OR) and weighted mean difference (WMD) statistics were used for the analysis of efficacy-related count data and measurement data, respectively. Additionally, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were provided for all efficacy analyses, and forest plot was created. A funnel plot of the included studies was created to detect the presence of publication bias. The heterogeneity of the results of clinical trials was assessed by the chi-square test. If these results were homogeneous (P > 0.1, I 2 < 50%), fixed effects models were utilized for meta-analyses, whereas if these results were heterogeneous (P ≤ 0.1, I 2 ≥ 50%), the causes of this heterogeneity were assessed and a sensitivity analysis was performed. If heterogeneities in the results of clinical trials could not be eliminated, random effects models were used for meta-analyses or qualitative systemic evaluations were conducted. A P value of ≤0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.
Results and discussion
Literature search
A total of 961 original studies, including 882 English-language publications and 79 Chinese publications, were retrieved from internet searches of electronic databases. However, 726 of these studies were excluded as irrelevant based on their titles and abstracts, 95 of these studies were excluded because they were non-(RCTs), and an additional 72 of these studies were excluded because their control groups involved the utilization of non-drug-eluting stents. Thus, 68 original studies were initially obtained. After 45 of these studies were excluded due to either duplication or a lack of complete data, a total of 23 studies were regarded as relevant investigations. Seven of these studies were excluded because they involved examinations of the same population over different follow-up periods. Eventually, 16 studies were identified that fulfilled the study selection criteria (including 15 English-language publications and 1 Chinese publication) (Figure 1).
Characteristics of included studies
All of these included studies were randomized controlled investigations that specified the number of studied cases and the number of occurrences of MI. Out of the 16 chosen literature, 15 studies provided clear data regarding overall mortality and clear data regarding the occurrence of ST and cardiac death. Fourteen studies provided clear data regarding the occurrence of TLR, 12 studies provided clear data regarding the occurrence of TVR, and 6 studies provided clear data regarding the occurrence of LLL (Table 1). The selected literature included one conference abstract; however, detailed data regarding the study described by this abstract were obtained in PowerPoint (ppt) format. Full-text reports describing all of the remaining included studies have been published. For all of the included studies, there were no significant differences in the baseline characteristics of the cases in the BP-DES and the DP-DES groups (Table 2). The follow-up periods of the studies examined in this investigation ranged from 6 to 48 months. The selected efficacy indicators included TLR, TVR, and LLL (including both in-segment and in-stent LLL); the selected safety indicators included overall mortality, cardiac deaths, MI, and ST.
Efficacy analysis
There was no significant heterogeneity regarding the occurrence of TLR and different times TLR among the 14 included studies that addressed this phenomenon (P = 0.45, I 2 = 0%; P = 0.14, I 2 = 35%; P = 0.85, I 2 = 0%); therefore, a fixed effects model was used for the TLR-related meta-analysis. There was no significant difference between the BP-DES and DP-DES groups with respect to the occurrence of TLR during follow-up periods (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.06, Z = 1.03, P = 0.30, Figure 2A). Also there was no significant difference between the BP-DES and DP-DES groups with respect to the occurrence of TLR during 1-year and more than 1-year follow-up periods, but we found the general trend of the rates of TLR of DP-DES groups was significantly higher (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.14, Z = 0.58, P = 0.56; OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.05, Z = 1.41, P = 0.16, Figure 3A, B).
There was no significant heterogeneity regarding the occurrence of TVR and different times TVR among the 12 included studies that addressed this phenomenon (P = 0.39, I 2 = 5%; P = 0.58, I 2 = 0%; P = 0.76, I 2 = 0%); therefore, a fixed effects model was used for the TVR-related meta-analysis. There was no significant difference between the BP-DES and the DP-DES groups with respect to the occurrence of TVR during follow-up periods (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.17, Z = 0.18, P = 0.86, Figure 2B). Also there was no significant difference between the BP-DES and DP-DES groups with respect to the occurrence of TVR during 1-year and more than 1-year follow-up periods, but we found that the general trend of the rates of TVR of DP-DES was significantly higher (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.21, Z = 0.01, P = 0.99; OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.02, Z = 1.80, P = 0.07, Figure 3C, D).
There was a significant heterogeneity regarding in-stent LLL among the six included studies that addressed this phenomenon (P = 0.05, I 2 = 56%); therefore, a random effects model was used for the meta-analysis of in-stent LLL. This meta-analysis revealed a significant difference between the BP-DES and DP-DES groups with respect to in-stent LLL during follow-up periods (WMD = −0.07, 95% CI −0.12 to −0.02, Z = 2.79, P = 0.005), suggesting that in-stent LLL was significantly lower in the BP-DES group than in the DP-DES group. The six included studies were examined to assess in-segment LLL. There was no significant heterogeneity among these studies with respect to in-segment LLL (P = 0.69 > 0.1, I 2 = 0%); therefore, a fixed effects model was used. In-segment LLL was significantly lower (WMD = −0.03, 95% CI −0.07 to −0.00, Z = 1.97, P = 0.05) in the BP-DES group than in the DP-DES group. One set of relevant studies that reported LLL data conducted repeated measurements of the same population; the report from this set of studies that involved the longest follow-up period was selected as the included study for this investigation. However, for the LLL analyses, the relevant data for this population were instead obtained from a study with a short follow-up period because the other LLL data of this investigation were obtained from studies with relatively short follow-up periods [36]. Details regarding the LLL-related meta-analyses are provided in Figure 4A, B).
Safety analysis
There was no significant heterogeneity regarding total mortality among the included studies that addressed total mortality, cardiac deaths, MI events, occurrence of ST, and different times ST (P = 0.84, I 2 = 0%; P = 0.97, I 2 = 0%; P = 1.00, I 2 = 0%; P = 0.47, I 2 = 0%; P = 0.28, I 2 = 20%; P = 0.56, I 2 = 0%; P = 0.45, I 2 = 0%); therefore, a fixed effects model was used for all these incidences. There was no significant differences between the BP-DES and DP-DES groups with respect to overall mortality (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.09, Z = 0.92, P = 0.36, see Figure 2C), cardiac deaths (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.21, Z = 0.13, P = 0.90, Figure 5A), MI events and (OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.21, Z = 0.22, P = 0.82, Figure 5B), occurrence of ST (OR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.72 to 1.09, Z = 1.16, P = 0.25, Figure 5C) during follow-up periods. However, very late ST (>12 months) was significantly lower in the BP-DES group than in the DP-DES group (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.52 to 0. 90, Z = 2.70, P = 0.007). Details regarding the different times of ST-related meta-analyses are provided in Figure 6A, B, C.
Publication bias analysis
Figure 7 is the funnel plot indicating MI among patients with coronary artery heart disease who received a BP-DES or DP-DES. As indicated by the plot, no publication bias appeared to exist in the relevant studies.
We conducted meta-analyses of 16 RCTs; these studies examined a total of 22,211 patients, including 12,368 patients treated with BP-DESs and 9,843 patients treated with DP-DESs. Our study found no significant differences in cardiac death, overall mortality, MI, TLR, or TVR between patients treated with BP-DESs and patients treated with DP-DESs. However, the occurrence of very late ST (>12 months) may be significantly reduced by the use of BP-DESs instead of DP-DESs, and the general trend of the rates of TVR and TLR of DP-DESs groups was higher than BP-DESs groups after a 1-year follow-up. In addition, LLL were significantly less likely to occur in patients treated with BP-DESs than in patients treated with DP-DESs during follow-up periods. Our meta-analysis included abundant outcome indicators that can comprehensively reflect the efficacy of two different types of stents. It also addressed various types of BP-DESs, except for some specialized stent technologies (such as stents with reservoirs). As these stents are not strictly BP-DESs, a similar meta-analysis by Lupi et al. [37] excluded studies that addressed the use of specialized stent technologies (such as stents with reservoirs) from the original literature. Additionally, we included a few Chinese studies in our meta-analysis for detailed assessment and to reduce bias.
The results of this meta-analysis with respect to cardiac death, overall mortality, and MI are consistent with the findings from large-scale studies by Klauss et al. [38] and Byrne et al. [39] who indicated that there were no significant differences between BP-DESs and DP-DESs. However, the use of BP-DESs instead of DP-DESs can significantly reduce the incidence of both identified and potential cases of ST, as defined by the US and European Academic Research Consortium [40]. DES-induced delay of endothelialization is a factor that could increase the risk of thrombosis. The persistent stimulation of vascular endothelial cells by the permanent coating of DP-DESs can significantly delay the postoperative re-endothelialization of a target vessel after PCI, whereas the biological coating of BP-DESs completely degrades after the drug release process has completed, thus reducing the stimulation of these endothelial cells. A previous study has demonstrated that complete target lesion re-endothelialization occurs in 28 days after BMS implantation, but requires a significantly longer period of about 90 to 180 days after DES implantation [41]. The incidence of late ST is closely related to various factors, including early antiplatelet treatment, the extent of coronary artery lesions, and the quantity of implanted coronary stents [42]. However, long-term stimulation by permanent polymers is certainly an extremely important determinant of late ST.
Additionally, LLL during follow-up periods was significantly lower among patients treated with BP-DESs than among patients treated with DP-DESs. LLL is determined based on the difference between the minimum lumen diameter (MLD) immediately after stent implantation and the follow-up MLD after a follow-up period of at least 6 months.
To summarize, BP-DESs are safe and effective; additionally, they may become a valid alternative to DP-DESs. The incidence of ST increases after 1 year following the implantation of a DES. The follow-up periods of the studies examined in this investigation ranged from 6 to 48 months. To incorporate additional clinical studies with long follow-up times into meta-analyses of this topic and thereby obtain more stable and reliable conclusions, it is necessary to conduct additional large-scale rigorous RCTs with lengthy follow-up durations.
This meta-analysis exhibited the following limitations. (1) The included studies do not have identical follow-up periods; instead, the range of follow-up durations was relatively broad (between 6 and 48 months). (2) The limitations of the meta-analytical approach are well known and documented; thus, the safety and efficacy of various types of stents was not specifically identified [19].
Conclusions
In conclusion, the meta-analysis results indicated that the implantation of BP-DESs can effectively prevent the incidence of mortality, cardiac death, MI, TLR, and other adverse events. The use of BP-DESs instead of DP-DESs can decrease the incidence of very late ST and alleviate LLL. In addition, the general trend of the rates of TVR and TLR of DP-DESs groups was higher than BP-DESs groups after a 1-year follow-up. To summarize, BP-DESs are safe and effective.
Abbreviations
- BP-DESs:
-
biodegradable polymer drug-eluting stents
- DP-DESs:
-
durable polymer drug-eluting stents
- TLR:
-
target lesion revascularization
- TVR:
-
target vessel revascularization
- LLL:
-
late lumen loss
- WMD:
-
weighted mean difference
- MI:
-
myocardial infarction
- ST:
-
stent thrombosis
- DESs:
-
drug-eluting stents
- BMSs:
-
bare metal stents
- PCI:
-
percutaneous coronary intervention
- ST:
-
stent thrombosis
- CIs:
-
confidence intervals
- MLD:
-
minimum lumen diameter
References
Byrne RA, Sarafoff N, Kastrati A, Schomig A. Drug-eluting stents in percutaneous coronary intervention: a benefit-risk assessment. Drug Saf. 2009;32:749–70.
Inoue K. Pathological perspective of drug-eluting stent thrombosis. Thrombosis. 2012;2012:219389.
Byrne RA, Joner M, Kastrati A. Polymer coatings and delayed arterial healing following drug-eluting stent implantation. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2009;57:567–84.
Wilson GJ, Nakazawa G, Schwartz RS, Huibregtse B, Poff B, Herbst TJ, et al. Comparison of inflammatory response after implantation of sirolimus- and paclitaxel-eluting stents in porcine coronary arteries. Circulation. 2009;120:141–9.
Stone GW, Moses JW, Ellis SG, Schofer J, Dawkins KD, Morice MC, et al. Safety and efficacy of sirolimus- and paclitaxel-eluting coronary stents. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:998–1008.
Finn AV, Nakazawa G, Kolodgie FD, Virmani R. Temporal course of neointimal formation after drug-eluting stent placement: is our understanding of restenosis changing? JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2009;2:300–2.
Holmes Jr DR, Leon MB, Moses JW, Popma JJ, Cutlip D, Fitzgerald PJ, et al. Analysis of 1-year clinical outcomes in the SIRIUS trial: a randomized trial of a sirolimus-eluting stent versus a standard stent in patients at high risk for coronary restenosis. Circulation. 2004;109:634–40.
Falluji NM, Moliterno DJ. Restenosis and in-stent restenosis. In: Norell MS, Perrins J, Meier B, Lincoff AM, editors. Essential interventional cardiology. Secondth ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Ltd; 2008. p. 151–61.
Niemela KO. Biodegradable coating for drug-eluting stents—more than a facelift? Eur Heart J. 2008;29:1930–1.
Kosonen P, Vikman S, Jensen LO, Lassen JF, Harnek J, Olivecrona GK, et al. Intravascular ultrasound assessed incomplete stent apposition and stent fracture in stent thrombosis after bare metal versus drug-eluting stent treatment the Nordic Intravascular Ultrasound Study (NIVUS). Int J Cardiol. 2013;168:1010–6.
Dangas GD, Claessen BE, Mehran R, Brener S, Brodie BR, Dudek D, et al. Clinical outcomes following stent thrombosis occurring in-hospital versus out-of-hospital: results from the HORIZONS-AMI (Harmonizing Outcomes with Revascularization and Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:1752–9.
Naidu SS, Krucoff MW, Rutledge DR, Mao VW, Zhao W, Zheng Q, et al. Contemporary incidence and predictors of stent thrombosis and other major adverse cardiac events in the year after XIENCE V implantation: results from the 8,061-patient XIENCE V United States study. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2012;5:626–35.
Finn AV, Nakazawa G, Joner M, Kolodgie FD, Mont EK, Gold HK, et al. Vascular responses to drug eluting stents: importance of delayed healing. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:1500–10.
Joner M, Finn AV, Farb A, Mont EK, Kolodgie FD, Ladich E, et al. Pathology of drug-eluting stents in humans: delayed healing and late thrombotic risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:193–202.
Windecker S, Serruys PW, Wandel S, Buszman P, Trznadel S, Linke A, et al. Biolimus-eluting stent with biodegradable polymer versus sirolimus-eluting stent with durable polymer for coronary revascularisation (LEADERS): a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2008;372:1163–73.
Grube E, Schofer J, Hauptmann KE, Nickenig G, Curzen N, Allocco DJ, et al. A novel paclitaxel-eluting stent with an ultrathin abluminal biodegradable polymer 9-month outcomes with the JACTAX HD stent. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2010;3:431–8.
Garg S, Wykrzykowska J, Serruys PW, de Vries T, Buszman P, Trznadel S, et al. The outcome of bifurcation lesion stenting using a biolimus-eluting stent with a bio-degradable polymer compared to a sirolimus-eluting stent with a durable polymer. EuroIntervention. 2011;6:928–35.
Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
Chevalier B, Serruys PW, Silber S, Garcia E, Suryapranata H, Hauptmann K, et al. Randomised comparison of Nobori, biolimus A9-eluting coronary stent with a Taxus (R), paclitaxel-eluting coronary stent in patients with stenosis in native coronary arteries: the Nobori 1 trial. EuroIntervention. 2007;2:426–34.
Byrne RA, Kufner S, Tiroch K, Massberg S, Laugwitz KL, Birkmeier A, et al. Randomised trial of three rapamycin-eluting stents with different coating strategies for the reduction of coronary restenosis: 2-year follow-up results. Heart. 2009;95:1489–94.
Chevalier B, Silber S, Park SJ, Garcia E, Schuler G, Suryapranata H, et al. Randomized comparison of the Nobori Biolimus A9-eluting coronary stent with the Taxus Liberte paclitaxel-eluting coronary stent in patients with stenosis in native coronary arteries: the NOBORI 1 trial—phase 2. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2009;2:188–95.
Stefanini GG, Kalesan B, Serruys PW, Heg D, Buszman P, Linke A, et al. Long-term clinical outcomes of biodegradable polymer biolimus-eluting stents versus durable polymer sirolimus-eluting stents in patients with coronary artery disease (LEADERS): 4 year follow-up of a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2011;378:1940–8.
Byrne RA, Kastrati A, Massberg S, Wieczorek A, Laugwitz KL, Hadamitzky M, et al. Biodegradable polymer versus permanent polymer drug-eluting stents and everolimus- versus sirolimus-eluting stents in patients with coronary artery disease: 3-year outcomes from a randomized clinical trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:1325–31.
Maamoun W. Safety and efficacy of biodegradable polymer-coated biolimus-eluting stents. Egypt Heart J. 2013;65:207–12.
Kadota K, Muramatsu T, Iwabuchi M, Saito S, Hayashi Y, Ikari Y, et al. Randomized comparison of the Nobori biolimus A9-eluting stent with the sirolimus-eluting stent in patients with stenosis in native coronary arteries. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2012;80:789–96.
Xu B, Dou K, Yang Y, Lv S, Wang L, Wang H, et al. Nine-month angiographic and 2-year clinical follow-up of the NOYA biodegradable polymer sirolimus-eluting stent in the treatment of patients with de novo native coronary artery lesions: the NOYA I trial. EuroIntervention. 2012;8:796–802.
Jianqiao T, Xiwei D, Taojuan Z. Clinical application and effect analysis of novel biodegradable coated stent in the treatment of Macau Chinese patients with coronary heart disease. Chin J Clinicians. 2012;6:1712–5.
Ge JB, Ge L, Qian J. Sirolimus eluting stent with biodegradable polymer versus sirolimus eluting stent with durable polymer for the treatment of patients with de novo coronary artery lesions (EVOLUTION): a randomized non-inferiority trial (one year result). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:283. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109712602848
Smits PC, Hofma S, Togni M, Vázquez N, Valdés M, Voudris V, et al. Abluminal biodegradable polymer biolimus-eluting stent versus durable polymer everolimus-eluting stent (COMPARE II): a randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2013;381:651–60.
Zhang Y, Shen J, Li Z, Zhu AD, Yuan YL, Yue RH, et al. Two-year clinical outcomes of different drug-eluting stents with different polymer coating strategies in coronary artery heart disease: a multi-centre, randomised, controlled clinical trial. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168:2642–52.
Natsuaki M, Kozuma K, Morimoto T, Kadota K, Toshiya Muramatsu T, Nakagawa Y, et al. Biodegradable polymer biolimus-eluting stent versus durable polymer everolimus-eluting stent: a randomized, controlled, noninferiority trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;63:181–90.
Raungaard B, Jensen LO, Tilsted HH, Christiansen EH, Maeng M, Terkelsen CJ, et al. Zotarolimus-eluting durable-polymer-coated stent versus a biolimus-eluting biodegradable-polymer-coated stent in unselected patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (SORT OUT VI):a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2015: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62009-2. www.thelancet.com
Han YL, Xu B, Jing QM, Lu SZ, Yang LX, Xu K, et al. A randomized comparison of novel biodegradable polymer- and durable polymer–coated cobalt-chromium sirolimus-eluting stents. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2014;7:1352–461.
Pilgrim T, Heg D, Roffi M, Tüller D, Muller O, Vuilliomenet A, et al. Ultrathin strut biodegradable polymer sirolimus-eluting stent versus durable polymer everolimus-eluting stent for percutaneous coronary revascularization (BIOSCIENCE): a randomised, single-blind, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2014;384:2111–22.
Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan DJ, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17:1–12.
Mehilli J, Byrne RA, Wieczorek A, Iijima R, Schulz S, Bruskina O, et al. Randomized trial of three rapamycin-eluting stents with different coating strategies for the reduction of coronary restenosis. Eur Heart J. 2008;29:1975–82.
Lupi A, Rognoni A, Secco GG, Lazzero M, Nardi F, Fattori R, et al. Biodegradable versus durable polymer drug eluting stents in coronary artery disease: insights from a meta-analysis of 5,834 patients. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2014;21:411–24.
Klauss V, Serruys PW, Pilgrim T, Buszman P, Linke A, Ischinger T, et al. 2-year clinical follow-up from the randomized comparison of biolimus-eluting stents with biodegradable polymer and sirolimus-eluting stents with durable polymer in routine clinical practice. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2011;4:887–95.
Byrne RA, Kastrati A, Kufner S, Massberg S, Birkmeier KA, Laugwitz KL, et al. Randomized, non-inferiority trial of three limus agent-eluting stents with different polymer coatings: the Intracoronary Stenting and Angiographic Results: Test Efficacy of 3 Limus-Eluting Stents (ISAR-TEST-4) Trial. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:2441–9.
Cutlip DE, Windecker S, Mehran R, Boam A, Cohen DJ, van Es GA, et al. Clinical end points in coronary stent trials: a case for standardized definitions. Circulation. 2007;115:2344–51.
Notaristefano S, Sbarzaglia P. Cavallini C [Late stent thrombosis after drug-eluting stent implantation: epidemiological, clinical and pathophysiological aspects]. G Ital Cardiol (Rome). 2008;9:674–83.
D’Ascenzo F, Bollati M, Clementi F, Castagno D, Lagerqvist B, de la Torre Hernandez JM, et al. Incidence and predictors of coronary stent thrombosis: evidence from an international collaborative meta-analysis including 30 studies, 221,066 patients, and 4276 thromboses. Int J Cardiol. 2013;167:575–84.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81273178).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
JF L and YZ W carried out the studies, participated in collecting the data, and drafted the manuscript. LX C performed the statistical analysis and participated in its design. XM Z, T J, L Z, SF T, ZY S, ML W, and G W helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
About this article
Cite this article
Lv, J., Wu, Y., Zhang, X. et al. Comparison of the safety and efficacy of biodegradable polymer drug-eluting stents versus durable polymer drug-eluting stents: a meta-analysis. Eur J Med Res 20, 21 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-015-0110-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-015-0110-z