Skip to main content

Acute rhabdomyolysis in hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia patient undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: case report and literature review

Abstract

Background

Hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia (HAAA) is a specific type of aplastic anemia, and hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) is recommended as the first-line. Acute rhabdomyolysis (AR) during hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) is a rare, serious complication, with only 10 cases reported in the world so far.

Case presentation

Herein, we present a case of AR developing during HLA-haploidentical HSCT in a 55-year-old man who suffered from HAAA. On day 7 after stem cell transfusion, the patient reported a muscle pull in thigh and complained of muscle swelling, pain and change in urine color. Despite the timely diagnosis (based on the levels of myoglobin and creatine kinase, and muscle MRI findings, etc.) and rapid hydration and alkalization, the situation progressed dramatically, and the patient died of multi-organ failure during the preparation for continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Five days after his death, the whole-exome sequencing result confirmed that the patient had a germline missense mutation in SCN4A I 1545 V and ACTN3 R577X.

Conclusion

AR is a rare but threatening complication during HSCT, especially in cases with kidney dysfunction. The creatine kinase level may not truly and completely reflect the severity and prognosis for cases with localized lesion. We suggest that genetic analysis should be performed for better understanding the pathological changes of AR during HSCT, especially for patients with bone marrow failure.

Background

Aplastic anemia (AA) is a disorder characterized by bone marrow hematopoietic failure and pancytopenia [1]. Hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia (HAAA) is a specific type of AA, manifested as pancytopenia within 6 months after the onset of acute hepatitis [2]. Compared to acquired idiopathic AA, the degree of bone marrow failure in HAAA is often more obvious, manifested mainly as severe aplastic anemia (SAA), very severe aplastic anemia (VSAA), or even fulminant aplastic anemia (FAA). Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) is a crucial treatment for AA, especially for SAA, recommended as the first-line treatment for patients with HAAA [1, 2]. In spite of its high cure rate, HSCT has its limitations and complications, including infections, sinus occlusion syndrome (SOS), graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and engraftment failure, which may lead to transplant failure and even death [3]. With the development of transplantation technology, the prognosis of AA undergoing HSCT has considerably improved. However, some rare but severe complications during HSCT may still threaten the life of the patient.

Rhabdomyolysis is destruction of muscle cells caused by a variety of factors, resulting in the release of intracellular substances into the extracellular fluid. This condition is typically characterized by myalgia, muscle weakness, and dark urine, and has tripled mortality rates when combined with acute renal injury [4]. Herein, we report a case of failed treatment of acute rhabdomyolysis (AR) during HSCT further confirmed to have germline SCN4A I1545V and ACTN3 R577X missense mutations. To better understand this rare complication, we further reviewed the available evidence of reported cases, analyzed the clinical features, probable risk factors, and prognosis, as well as the genetic susceptibility to this disorder of patients undergoing HSCT, which may facilitate earlier diagnoses and timely rescue from this life-threatening disorder.

Case report

A 55-year-old Asian male was admitted on September 2020 to our clinic with a complaint of fatigue and ecchymosis for 10 days. On admission, his routine blood test results were as follows: white blood cell (WBC) 1.0 × 109/L, absolute neutrophil count (ANC) 0.4 × 109/L, hemoglobin (HB) 80 g/L, platelet (PLT) count 11 × 109/L, reticulocyte (Ret) 13.64 × 109/L. Ilium and sternum bone marrow aspiration showed bone marrow hematopoietic failure, and the proportion of lymphocytes accounted for 71.5%. There was no evidence of myelofibrosis or dysmorphic hematopoiesis, and cytogenetic examination revealed a normal male karyotype. The liver biochemical parameters were normal, and the serological indicators suggested negative results for hepatitis viruses A, B, C, and E, as well as for Epstein–Barr virus and cytomegalovirus. The antibody test for autoimmune hepatitis was weakly positive for anti-smooth muscle antibodies. Two months ago, he had been admitted to another hospital because of calf edema. At that time, aspartate aminotransferase (AST, 143 U/L) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT, 177 U/L) were abnormally high, whereas the routine blood test results were normal. The diagnosis of HAAA was confirmed considering the history of hepatitis, along with the differential diagnosis from other diseases manifested with pancytopenia (such as acute arrest of hemopoiesis, myelodysplastic syndrome, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, and leukemia). The patient had no improvement after intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg, 20 g per day for 5 days), and considering no available sibling-matched donor, HLA-matched haploidentical stem-cell transplantation was performed on November 5, 2020, after signing a fully informed consent form. The following conditioning regimens were administered: fludarabine 30 mg/m2 daily from day -10 to day -6; total antithymocyte globulin (ATG) 10 mg/kg, separately given from day -7 to day -4; cyclophosphamide total 120 mg/kg, separately given from day -5 to day -2; mycophenolate mofetil 250 mg/m2 Bid, cyclosporine A 2–5 mg/kg per day with continuous intravenous administration (optimal concentration 250–350 ng/mL), methotrexate 10 mg/m2 on day + 1, + 3, and + 6 were used to prevent GVHD. Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), ganciclovir, and posaconazole were utilized to prevent Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and cytomegalovirus and fungal infections, respectively. Ursodeoxycholic acid and alprostadil were employed to prevent SOS, and allopurinol was used for hyperuricemia prevention.

Seven days after the donor stem-cell transfusion, at 1:40 AM, the patient complained of pain in the left inner thigh due to uneven force and muscle pulling when urinating. Various analgesic drugs were used with no beneficial effect. Two hours later, his body temperature rose to 37.6 °C. The blood test showed the following results: WBC 0.1 × 109/L, ANC 0 × 109/L, HB 62 g/L, PLT 28 × 109/L, and C-reactive protein of 6.43 mg/L. Procalcitonin was 0.321 ng/mL. Serum inflammation cytokines: IL-6, 920.16 pg/mL and IL-10, 53.28 pg/mL; the others were within the normal range. Two hours later, his body temperature further increased to 38.6 °C. Considering the possibility of infection, meropenem was used. At 10:00 AM, the patient developed chest tightness, and laboratory tests showed that his creatine kinase (CK) was 500 U/L (38–174 U/L) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was 273 U/L. He was given more hydration and alkalization for renal protection. Two hours later, the patient's symptoms did not significantly alleviate. The urine became darker (Fig. 1A). The muscle dissolution-related indicators were further checked, considering the diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis, but already 8 h had passed since his first complaint. The results showed that D-dimer was 1630 ng/mL (1–600 ng/mL) and myoglobin > 500 ng/mL. Urine routine parameters were: occult blood + , protein +  + , and red blood cells 16.5/μL. His symptoms worsened and the thigh became more swollen and painful (Fig. 2). Then, he underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 3:30 PM, the result of which revealed exudation at the anterior and posterior muscle and subcutaneous fat of the left thigh (Fig. 3). AR was confirmed with atypical increased serum CK. At that time, the urine became darker (similar to soy sauce; Fig. 1B). Despite the aggressive supportive therapy, the patient’s condition continued to worsen within the next 2 h, with D-dimer of 2250 ng/mL, AST 196 U/L, CK 852 U/L, CK-MB 299.7 U/L, LDH 2393 U/L, creatinine (CREA) 188 μmol/L, and urea nitrogen 20.9 mmol/L. Five days after his death, the whole-exome sequencing results (peripheral blood and oral mucosal specimen) confirmed that the patient had had a germline missense mutation in SCN4A I 1545V and ACTN3 R577X.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Changes in urine color. 1A: Shown in brown; 1B: shown in cola

Fig. 2
figure 2

Swelling of the left thigh. The circumference 10 cm above patella was 41 cm on the left compared to that was 35.5 cm on the right; and the circumference 10 cm below patella was 32.5 cm on the left compared to that was 29.5 cm on the right

Fig. 3
figure 3

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes of the left thigh. The posterior and anteromedial muscles of the left thigh (gluteus maximus, rectus femoris, adductor longus, adductor brevis, and adductor magnus) and subcutaneous showed with fat exudative changes, and the interstitial space became blurred

Discussion

Rhabdomyolysis is a disease caused by the rapid breakdown of skeletal muscle fibers and the release of intracellular components into the systemic circulation. The typical feature is the significantly increased serum CK activity (more than 5 times the normal level) [5]. Mild rhabdomyolysis manifests no muscular symptoms but only an increase in the serum CK. Some patients with severe rhabdomyolysis may have the classic triad of muscle pain, weakness, and dark urine. AR was commonly induced by trauma, exercise, muscle hypoxia, genetic defects, infection, body temperature changes, electrolyte disorders, drugs, etc. [6,7,8].

Approximately 10%-40% of the patients with rhabdomyolysis develop acute kidney injury, which may dramatically increase the mortality rate to nearly 80% [9, 10]. Our careful review of the total number of 11 cases (including ours) of rhabdomyolysis discovered during HSCT so far and showed that 7/11 patients had acute kidney injury, of which 4 died, 3 improved after hydration and alkalization [11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20]. Early fluid resuscitation for rhabdomyolysis treatment has been reported to restore the renal perfusion and is considered the main preventive treatment for acute kidney injury (AKI). If AKI developed, it is more recommended to start CRRT with a continuous high flux filter [21].

We analyzed 10 previously reported cases of rhabdomyolysis which occurred during HSCT, 6 of which were drug-induced, mostly by statins [17, 18], Cyclosporine A (CsA) [11, 17, 18], and high-dose chemotherapy [13, 16, 20]. Rhabdomyolysis caused by statins is usually concentration-dependent. Drugs that inhibit the metabolism of statins substantially increase the risk of statin-induced rhabdomyolysis [22]. CsA competitively inhibits atorvastatin metabolism through CYP3A4 [23, 24]. Posaconazole is also an inhibitor of CYP3A4, which increase the risk of rhabdomyolysis if used with statins together [25, 26]. Atorvastatin, a new type of molecular modulator, which can target a variety of immune cells, is thought to reduce the mortality of acute GVHD and the incidence of chronic GVHD [27, 28]. Volin, et al. [11] reported that when fluconazole is used in combination with CsA, the concentration of CsA increase to more than 1500 ng/mL, which induces rhabdomyolysis. Excessive CsA alone was reported to induce rhabdomyolysis[19]. Our patient used atorvastatin for a short period of time (from day -10 to day -1) during HSCT as GHVD prophylaxis. However, rhabdomyolysis occurred 8 days after the atorvastatin withdrawal. During this period, his CsA concentration was tested every 3 days and was within the range 154.8–219.9 ng/mL. The role of atorvastatin and CsA in the development of rhabdomyolysis is still unclear. However, we should cautiously concern the necessity and safety of the application of atorvastatin for GVHD prophylaxis in HSCT. In addition, high-dose chemotherapy was also found to induce rhabdomyolysis. Shima, et al. [16] reported that their patient, who received cyclophosphamide chemotherapy at a triple dose, developed rhabdomyolysis after 19 h; CK increased to more than 100 times over the normal value within 2 days. Hoshi, et al. [13] also reported that large doses of chemotherapeutic drugs damaged the kidney during pretreatment, leading to rhabdomyolysis. Our patient used cyclophosphamide during pretreatment, which might have also been implicated in the development of the disease. The role of steroids in rhabdomyolysis development is unclear, but some investigations revealed that myopathy caused by steroids tends to be more severe and with a worse prognosis [19, 29], whereas others supported the notion that methylprednisolone could be a salvage regimen for rhabdomyolysis [30, 31].

In addition to drugs, infection is another common cause of rhabdomyolysis after transplantation [8, 12, 14, 15]. Our patient was in the stage of agranulocytosis, immunosuppressed and thus susceptible to infection. His body temperature was within the normal range before rhabdomyolysis. On the day of the rhabdomyolysis onset, the patient had fever with increased IL-6, IL-10, and PCT. Although the blood bacterial culture, EB virus, cytomegalovirus, and mycotoxin test results were negative, we could not completely rule out the possibility of infection.

It is worth noting that in this case, the patient had a trauma as a clear cause for the condition. He complained of muscle pull and pain before the disease onset, followed by swelling of the thighs. Seemingly, the trauma was not serious and would hardly cause rhabdomyolysis. However, the positive result obtained of his whole-exome sequencing revealed that he had a germline SCN4A (exon24: c. A4633G: p.I1545V) and ACTN3 (exon15:c.C1729T: p.R577X) heterozygous mutations. In the gnomAD database, the frequency of the SCN4A I1545V missense point mutation and ACTN3 heterozygous mutations is 8.008/105 and 0.539, respectively. Asaf, et al. [6] found that over 40% of the patients with rhabdomyolysis had myolysis-related gene mutations. Previous reports suggest that mutations in ACADVL, ANO5, CPT2, DMD, DYSF, FKRP, HADHA, PGM1, LPIN1, PYGM, and RYR1 genes may cause rhabdomyolysis. Moreover, AGL, CAPN3, CNBP, DMPK, MAGT1, ACADM, SCN4A, SGCA, SGCG, SMPD1, and TANGO2 were found to increase the susceptibility to rhabdomyolysis [32]. The SCN4A gene is expressed in skeletal muscle and encodes a member of the sodium channel alpha subunit gene family. It has been reported that SCN4A mutations are expressed in approximately 86% of muscle channelopathies [33]. Its mutations can cause skeletal muscle channel diseases, including paramyotonia congenita, hypokalemic periodic paralysis, hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, congenital myasthenic syndrome, and rarely rhabdomyolysis [6, 7, 34]. The ACTN3 gene encodes a member of the α-actin-binding protein gene family, which is expressed mainly in the skeletal muscles and serves as a structural component of the Z-line of the skeletal muscles. Studies have shown that although the ACTN3 R577X mutation does not cause a disease, it is closely related to exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis, increasing the possibility of exertional rhabdomyolysis [33, 35]. In addition, another randomized controlled trial showed that the RX genotype was more susceptible to muscle injuries in sports than the RR genotype [36]. In our case, since the admission day, the patient was protected by a laminar flow bed and was directly moved into the transplantation chamber. The patient spent all 2 months in bed, without properly exercising. Although the patient in this case did not over-exercise, the long-term lack of exercise muscles is stretched instantly, which might have also led to rapid decomposition of the skeletal muscle fibers.

The major issue in our case was that we had not instantly diagnosed rhabdomyolysis and initiated CRRT as our first consideration, even at a normal CREA level. The main reason for this misleading initial diagnosis was that the CK level (500 U/L) at the early stage in our case was not as extremely high as earlier reported, even at the end of the patient's life (Tables 1 and 2).

Table 1 Changes of rhabdomyolysis and biochemistry tests throughout the progress
Table 2 Case review on rhabdomyolysis during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

In conclusion, AR is a rare but threatening complication during HSCT, especially in cases with kidney dysfunction. The CK level may not truly and completely reflect the severity and prognosis for cases with localized lesion, such as ours, with lysis limited to the affected thigh. We suggest that genetic analysis should be performed for better understanding the pathological changes of AR during HSCT, especially for patient with bone marrow failure disease.

Availability of data and materials

The data used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon a reasonable request.

References

  1. Young NS. Aplastic anemia. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(17):1643–56.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Alshaibani A, Dufour C, Risitano A, de Latour R, Aljurf M. Hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hemonc.2020.10.001.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Majhail NS. Long-term complications after hematopoietic cell transplantation. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther. 2017;10(4):220–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. de Meijer AR, Fikkers BG, de Keijzer MH, van Engelen BG, Drenth JP. Serum creatine kinase as predictor of clinical course in rhabdomyolysis: a 5-year intensive care survey. Intensive Care Med. 2003;29(7):1121–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Stahl K, Rastelli E, Schoser B. A systematic review on the definition of rhabdomyolysis. J Neurol. 2020;267(4):877–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Vivante A, Ityel H, Pode-Shakked B, Chen J, Shril S, van der Ven AT, Mann N, Schmidt JM, Segel R, Aran A, et al. Exome sequencing in Jewish and Arab patients with rhabdomyolysis reveals single-gene etiology in 43% of cases. Pediatr Nephrol. 2017;32(12):2273–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Lee E, Chahin N. A patient with mutation in the SCN4A p.M1592v presenting with fixed weakness, rhabdomyolysis, and episodic worsening of weakness. Muscle nerve. 2013;4(8):306–307. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.23803.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Bosch X, Poch E, Grau JM. Rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(1):62–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Chatzizisis YS, Misirli G, Hatzitolios AI, Giannoglou GD. The syndrome of rhabdomyolysis: complications and treatment. Eur J Intern Med. 2008;19(8):568–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Gill N, Nally JV Jr, Fatica RA. Renal failure secondary to acute tubular necrosis: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. Chest. 2005;128(4):2847–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Volin L, Jarventie G, Ruutu T. Fatal rhabdomyolysis as a complication of bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1990;6(1):59–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Maruyama F, Miyazaki H, Ezaki K, Sobue R, Tsuzuki M, Hirano M. Severe rhabdomyolysis as a complication of peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 1994;14(3):481–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Hoshi S, Itoh A, Kato S, Suzuki K, Kawamura S, Orikasa S. Severe rhabdomyolysis as a complication of high-dose chemotherapy in a patient with advanced testicular cancer. Int J Urol. 1999;6(1):56–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Pugliese P, Danova M, Brugnatelli S, Piccolo G, Riccardi A, Ascari E. Acute rhabdomyolysis after high dose chemotherapy and circulating progenitor cell autografting for breast cancer. Haematologica. 2000:85(6):672.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Rossi MR, Longoni DV, Rovelli AM, Uderzo C: Severe rhabdomyolysis, hyperthermia and shock after amphotericin B colloidal dispersion in an allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipient. In: Pediatr Infect Dis J, editors. 2000: p. 172–173.

  16. Shima E, Hino M, Yamane T, Aoyama Y, Nakamae H, Yamamura R, Makita K, Sugano Y, Yasuda S, Takubo T et al: Acute rhabdomyolysis following administration of high-dose cyclophosphamide: case report. Ann Hematol. 2002;81(1):55–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-001-0399-2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Tong J, Laport G, Lowsky R. Rhabdomyolysis after concomitant use of cyclosporine and simvastatin in a patient transplanted for multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2005;36(8):739–40. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bmt.1705128.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Vives S, Batlle M, Montane E, Ribera JM. [Rhabdomyolysis and renal failure secondary to interaction between simvastatin, ciclosporin A and risperidone in an allogeneic stem cell transplantation patient]. In: Med Clin (Barc), editors. 2008: p. 676.

  19. Jiang Q, Zhang BH. Rhabdomyolysis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In: Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus, editors. 2016: p. 504–506.

  20. Sokolova A, Chan O, Ullah W, Hamdani AA, Anwer F. Delayed rhabdomyolysis with paclitaxel, ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide regimen: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2017;11(1):100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Petejova N, Martinek A. Acute kidney injury due to rhabdomyolysis and renal replacement therapy: a critical review. Crit Care. 2014;18(3):224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Neuvonen PJ, Niemi M, Backman JT. Drug interactions with lipid-lowering drugs: mechanisms and clinical relevance. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006;80(6):565–81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Pichard L, Domergue J, Fourtanier G, Koch P, Schran HF, Maurel P. Metabolism of the new immunosuppressor cyclosporin G by human liver cytochromes P450. Biochem Pharmacol. 1996;51(5):591–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Hirota T, Ieiri I. Drug-drug interactions that interfere with statin metabolism. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2015;11(9):1435–47.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Dybro AM, Damkier P, Rasmussen TB, Hellfritzsch M. Statin-associated rhabdomyolysis triggered by drug-drug interaction with itraconazole. BMJ Case Rep. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2016-216457.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Mody MD, Ravindranathan D, Gill HS, Kota VK. Rhabdomyolysis following initiation of posaconazole use for antifungal prophylaxis in a patient with relapsed acute myeloid leukemia: a case report. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep. 2017;5(1):2324709617690747.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Hamadani M, Gibson LF, Remick SC, Wen S, Petros W, Tse W, Brundage KM, Vos JA, Cumpston A, Bunner P, et al. Sibling donor and recipient immune modulation with atorvastatin for the prophylaxis of acute graft-versus-host disease. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(35):4416–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Choi SW, Reddy P. Current and emerging strategies for the prevention of graft-versus-host disease. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2014;11(9):536–47.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Abad S, Bonnet N, Bouvry D, Cohen Y, Dhote R. Rhabdomyolysis in patients treated by corticosteroids for acute asthma in intensive care unit. Rev Med Interne. 2019;40(4):255–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Hammers M, Hashim F, Hanna C, Farris A, Blasick S. Refractory rhabdomyolysis responsive to corticosteroid therapy. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2020;34(2):314–5.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Ciarambino T, Adinolfi LE, Giordano M. Acute rhabdomyolysis in healthy woman. Am J Emerg Med. 2016;34(1):133 e111-112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Kruijt N, van den Bersselaar LR, Kamsteeg EJ, Verbeeck W, Snoeck MMJ, Everaerd DS, Abdo WF, Jansen DRM, Erasmus CE, Jungbluth H, et al. The etiology of rhabdomyolysis: an interaction between genetic susceptibility and external triggers. Eur J Neurol. 2021;28(2):647–59.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Del Coso J, Hiam D, Houweling P, Perez LM, Eynon N, Lucia A. More than a “speed gene”: ACTN3 R577X genotype, trainability, muscle damage, and the risk for injuries. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2019;119(1):49–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Lee SC, Kim HS, Park YE, Choi YC, Park KH, Kim DS. Clinical diversity of SCN4A-mutation-associated skeletal muscle sodium channelopathy. J Clin Neurol. 2009;5(4):186–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Deuster PA, Contreras-Sesvold CL, O’Connor FG, Campbell WW, Kenney K, Capacchione JF, Landau ME, Muldoon SM, Rushing EJ, Heled Y. Genetic polymorphisms associated with exertional rhabdomyolysis. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2013;113(8):1997–2004.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Del Coso J, Valero M, Salinero JJ, Lara B, Diaz G, Gallo-Salazar C, Ruiz-Vicente D, Areces F, Puente C, Carril JC, et al. ACTN3 genotype influences exercise-induced muscle damage during a marathon competition. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2017;117(3):409–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank all the clinicians who gave support during the patient care, and thanks for the approval from the patient’ relatives for the publication of the case.

Patient consent for publication

Written informed consent was obtained from the patient’s wife for the publication of clinical results.

Funding

The present study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NO. 82174138, 81774092); Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation (NO. LY17H290005); Zhejiang Traditional Chinese Medicine Scientific Research Foundation (NO. 2020ZB085); Specialized Project for Scientific Research of Bases for TCM Clinical Research of State Administration of TCM (NO. JDZX2015109) and Health technology Plan of Zhejiang Province (NO. 2022RC216).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

All authors made substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; took part in drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; agreed to submit to the current journal; gave final approval of the version to be published; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Baodong Ye or Dijiong Wu.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Written informed consent was obtained from the individual for the publication of any potentially identifiable images or data included in this article.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Li, Y., Hong, Y., Shen, Y. et al. Acute rhabdomyolysis in hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia patient undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: case report and literature review. Eur J Med Res 27, 45 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-022-00675-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-022-00675-2

Keywords